. 2017 Aug 18;4:40. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2017.00040

Table 1.

UV and electrolyte excretion during the water (W), LCAF (3 mg kg⁻¹), and HCAF (6 mg kg⁻¹) trials.

Time, min	W				LCAF (3 mg kg⁻¹)				HCAF (6 mg kg⁻¹)
Time, min	0	60	120	180	0	60	120	180	0	60	120	180
UV, mL	–	128 ± 92	128 ± 100	101 ± 65	–	121 ± 64	88 ± 59	107 ± 56	–	221 ± 178^b	153 ± 145^b	239 ± 157^a^,^b
UOsm, mmol kg⁻¹	867 ± 164	788 ± 152	620 ± 96	612 ± 68	790 ± 101	746 ± 279	560 ± 196	636 ± 187	898 ± 182	759 ± 194	609 ± 213	728 ± 103
UOsm exc, mmol	–	103 ± 68	91 ± 64	55 ± 40	–	77 ± 42	39 ± 23	62 ± 38	–	179 ± 138^b	96 ± 94	149 ± 106^a^,^b
U[Na⁺], mmol/L	63.4 ± 19.3	58.1 ± 7.7	68.4 ± 10.5	81.0 ± 14.0	79.2 ± 37.7	80.9 ± 17.0	66.9 ± 11.8	70.6 ± 34.0	93.1 ± 12.7	98.0 ± 14.2^a	92.8 ± 19.3^a^,^b	109.1 ± 27.9^a^,^b
U[K⁺], mmol/L	35.2 ± 15.0	35.6 ± 10.9	39.5 ± 11.3	51.2 ± 16.2	41.8 ± 10.9	36.8 ± 6.6	45.1 ± 7.4	46.3 ± 4.3	34.7 ± 4.2	37.4 ± 4.6	44.0 ± 9.8	50.6 ± 7.3
UNa⁺ exc, mmol	–	8.1 ± 5.2	11.2 ± 8.0	6.9 ± 5.4	–	9.0 ± 6.2	5.0 ± 3.7	6.8 ± 5.0	–	19.4 ± 20.3^a	11.3 ± 7.7	18.6 ± 13.3^a^,^b
UK⁺ exc, mmol	–	4.9 ± 3.7	6.5 ± 5.0	4.8 ± 4.0	–	4.2 ± 3.0	3.6 ± 3.2	4.5 ± 2.8	–	8.8 ± 7.2	4.9 ± 3.1	8.5 ± 5.7
Cum. UNa⁺ exc, mmol	–	8.1 ± 5.2	19.3 ± 9.1	26.2 ± 10.6	–	9.0 ± 6.2	14.0 ± 8.2	20.7 ± 8.7	–	19.4 ± 20.3	30.7 ± 17.8	49.3 ± 30.5^a^,^b
Cum. UK⁺ exc, mmol	–	4.9 ± 3.7	11.4 ± 6.3	16.2 ± 8.7	–	4.2 ± 3.0	7.8 ± 5.1	12.2 ± 5.0	–	8.8 ± 7.2	13.8 ± 6.0	22.2 ± 11.4^b

^aDenotes statistically significant different from Water trial during the same time-point.

^bDenotes statistically significant different from LCAF trial during the same time-point.

UV, urine volume; UOsm, urine osmolality; U[Na⁺], urine sodium concentration; U[K⁺], urine potassium concentration; exc, excretion; LCAF, low caffeine; HCAF, high caffeine.