Table 1.
Studies that collected late expiratory breath
| Brief description | Breath collection container | Pre-concentration method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dead space air collected in one bag, late expired air in separate bag | Tedlar bag | TD tube—Multi-bed ORBO™ 420/Tenax TA TD tube—Tenax |
(Amal et al. 2016; Barash et al. 2015; Gruber et al. 2014; Peled et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2013) |
| First 10 s excluded from bag | Tedlar bag | TD tube—Carboxen 1000/Carbopack X/Carbopack B | (Sanchez and Sacks 2006) |
| Deep breath, held for 10 s, exhaled slowly for 10 s prior to filling bag | Tedlar bag | TD tube—Carbopack Y/B/X/Carboxen 1000 | (Libardoni et al. 2006) |
| Exhale air into tube connected to bag | Tedlar bag | TD tube—Tenax GC | (Preti et al. 1988) |
| Forced expiratory breath with first 2–3 s of expiration not collected | Tedlar bag | In house sorbent microtrap—Carboxen 1000, Carbopack X, Carbopack B | (Castellanos et al. 2016) |
| Final portion of exhaled breath collected | ALTEF polypropylene bag | TD tube—Tenax TA | (Harshman et al. 2015) |
| Last portion of breath collected using ha-pause method | Aluminium gas bag | TD tube—Tenax TA/Unicarb | (Berna et al. 2015) |
| Second half of exhaled breath collected | FlexFilm bag | TD tube—Tenax TA/Carbotrap B | (Bigazzi et al. 2016) |
| First third of each breath not collected | Tedlar bag | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Chen et al. 2016) |
| Dead space air collected in one bag, late expired air in separate bag Mixed expiratory |
Tedlar bag | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Capuano et al. 2015) |
| Dead space air collected in one bag, late expired air in separate bag | Tedlar bag | SPME—100 µM PDMS, 65 µM PDMS/DVB | (Ma et al. 2014) |
| Last portion of exhaled breath using breath collecting device | Tedlar bag | SPME—100 µM PDMS | (Wang et al. 2012) |
| Dead space air collected in one bag, late expired air in separate bag | Tedlar bag | SPME—fiber not specified | (Santonico et al. 2012) |
| Dead space air collected in one bag, late expired air in separate bag | Mylar bag | SPME—PDMS/DVB | (Hakim et al. 2011) (Peng et al. 2010) |
| Last of exhaled breath (150 mL) | Bio-VOC | TD tube—Carbotrap 300 | (Das et al. 2014) |
| Deep breath and slowly exhale as fully as possible | Bio-VOC | TD tube—Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X | (Phillips et al. 2014) |
| Retained last of exhaled breath (~ 100 mL) | Bio-VOC | TD tube—Tenax TA/Unicarb | (Zaric et al. 2014) |
| End of forced vital capacity collected | Bio-VOC | TD tube—Tenax TA/Graphitized Carbon black/Carbonized molecular sieve | (Jareno-Esteban et al. 2013) |
| Last portion of exhaled breath (~150 mL) | Bio-VOC | TD tube—Tenax TA/Unicarb | (Dadamio et al. 2012) |
| Last 150 mL of single slow vital capacity Mouth air |
Bio-VOC | TD tube—Tenax TA/Unicarb | (van den Velde et al. 2007) |
| Exhale until lungs are empty | Bio-VOC | TD tube—sorbent not specified | (Henderson and Matthews 2002) |
| Blow deeply and slowly through sampler (150 mL) | Bio-VOC | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Raninen et al. 2016) |
| Last 150 mL of single slow vital capacity | Bio-VOC | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS, 65 µM PDMS/DVB | (Corradi et al. 2015) |
| Last portion of exhaled breath (~100 mL) | Bio-VOC | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Kramer et al. 2015) |
| Last 150 mL of single slow vital capacity | Bio-VOC | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Poli et al. 2008) |
| Exhale into tubular structure with dead space air flowing downstream and air collected upstream | BCA | TD tube—Carbotrap/Carbosieve SIII | (Zeliger et al. 2012) (Moretti et al. 2004) (Phillips 1997) |
| 18 mL of one single end-tidal exhalation portion | Gas-tight syringe, SPME vial | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (King et al. 2010) |
| Single exhalations with first 750 mL discarded | Gas-tight syringe, glass vial | SPME—65 µM PDMS/DVB | (Svensson et al. 2007) |
| Take 2–3 deep breaths, inhale and hold breath for 10–15 s, exhale into glass tube and collect an aliquot of end- expired air | Glass tube, aluminum tube | SPME—100 µM CAR/PDMS TD tube—Tenax TA |
(Prado et al. 2003) |
| Pressure sensors to estimate breath phases | Face mask | TD tube—Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD | (Kang and Paul Thomas 2016) (Turner et al. 2011) |
| Pressure sensors to estimate breath phases | Face mask | TD tube—Tenax TA/Carbotrap | (Basanta et al. 2010) (Ibrahim et al. 2011) |
| First portion of breath removed | Breath device connected to desorption tube | TD tube—Carbopack B/Carbopack C | (Khalid et al. 2013) |
| Collected 1000 mL after discarding dead space | Glass container | TD tube—Tenax | (Mangler et al. 2012) |
| Two tidal volume ventilations, a deep inspiration and slow exhalation for 10 s, first 3 s discarded | Stainless steel canisters | Glass beads | (Minh et al. 2011) |
| Deep inspiration, 5 s breathhold, slow and complete exhalation over 10 s. First 2 s discarded | Electro-polished stainless steel | – | (Barker et al. 2006) |
BCA breath collection apparatus, CAR carboxen, DMS differential mobility spectrometry, DVB divinylbenzene, ECD electron capture detector, FID flame ionisation detector, GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, PDMS polydimethylsiloxane, TD thermal desorption, Tof time of flight