Table 3.
Studies that collected mixed expiratory breath
| Brief description | Breath collection container | Pre-concentration method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breathe through to face mask Exhalation into bag Inhale hold breath for 5 s and fully expire |
Tedlar bag | TD tube—Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X TD tube—Carbon-filled |
(Pijls et al. 2016) (Smolinska et al. 2014) (Baranska et al. 2013; Dallinga et al. 2010; Robroeks et al. 2010; Van Berkel et al. 2010; van de Kant et al. 2013; Verdam et al. 2013) |
| Single vital capacity following deep inspiration | Tedlar bag | TD tube—Carboxen 1003/Carbopack B/Carbopack Y | (Altomare et al. 2013) |
| Forced expiration | Tedlar, Supel foil, Supel inert gas sampling bags. Glass sampling bulbs | TD tube-Chromosorb106/Tenax TA/Carbopack B SPME—DVB/CAR/PDMS |
(Scott-Thomas et al. 2013) |
| Deep breath and exhale | Tedlar bag | TD tube—Carboxen 1000/Carbopack X /Carbopack B | (Alonso et al. 2010) |
| Spirometer used | Tedlar bag | TD tube—Tenax | (Gordon et al. 1988) |
| Inhale air to total lung capacity and exhale into bag | Mylar bag | TD tube—sorbent not specified | (Machado et al. 2005) |
| Breathe moderately into bag after initial washout period | Tedlar bag | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Hyspler et al. 2000) |
| Inhale/exhale normally then deeply exhale into bag after 5 s holding breath | Tedlar bag | SPME—50/30 µM DVB/CAR/PDMS | (Caldeira et al. 2012) |
| Deeply breathe into bag | Tedlar bag | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Song et al. 2010) |
| Breath collected using straw | Tedlar bag | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Bajtarevic et al. 2009; Ligor et al. 2009) |
| Exhale into bag via straw | Tedlar bag | SPME—CAR/PDMS | (Erhart et al. 2009) |
| Inhale moderately and exhale as much as possible | Tedlar bag | SPME—PDMS/DVB | (Deng et al. 2004) |
| Expired into a bag via a rudolph valve and delivery tube | Gas sampling bag | TD tube—Tenax GC | (Gordon et al. 1985) |
| Inspired/expired deeply 3×, retained breath for 20 s and then expired into container | Bio-VOC | TD tube—Tenax TA | (Marco and Grimalt 2015) |
| Breathe deeply through breath collection container | Bio-VOC, ALTEF polypropylene bag | TD tube—Tenax TA | (Kwak et al. 2014) |
| Breathe at normal frequency through RTube | RTube | SPME—65 µM PDMS/DVB | (Martin et al. 2010) |
| Deep inhalation and slow exhalation through sampling device | Gas bulb | SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Schallschmidt et al. 2016) |
| Forced expiration of five breaths | Gas bulb | SPME—DVB/CAR/PDMS | (Syhre et al. 2009) |
| Inhaled through a carbon filter and exhaled into a reservoir | Stainless steel reservoir | TD tube—Tenax TA | (Gaida et al. 2016) |
| Whole breath sample collected | Stainless steel canister | – | (Gordon et al. 2002) |
| Mixed expiratory | SUMMA passivated stainless steel canisters | Stainless steel tube with glass beads | (Thomas et al. 1991) |
| Inhale (hold breath for 10 s) and forcefully expire | Glass tube | – | (Stein et al. 1996) |
| 15 s Breath holding then exhalation | Polypropylene tubing, Gas-tight syringe | Glass trap tube—Tenax GC | (Tangerman et al. 1983) |
| Breath collected in bag | Tedlar bag | SPME—CAR/PDMS, DVB/PDMS, PDMS, CAR/PDMS/DVB | (Garcia et al. 2014) |
| Breath collected in bag | Tedlar bag Glass vial |
SPME—75 µM CAR/PDMS | (Rudnicka et al. 2011) |
| Breath collected in bag | Smart Bag PA | NTD—Carbopack X and CMS absorbent | (Ueta et al. 2014) |