Table 1. . Classification of the oligonucleotide-based theranostic nanoparticles used in cancer therapy.

Type of nanoparticle	Therapeutic oligonucleotide	Imaging agent	Imaging modality	Ref.
Gold nanoparticles	DNA and siRNA codelivery for GFP	GFP expression or knock down	Fluorescence microscopy	[137]
SPIO nanoparticles	hTERT siRNA	SPIO nanoparticles	MRI	[138]
Quantum dots (QDs)	U6-enhanced-GFP (EGFP) siRNA, survivin siRNA	Quantum dots	Fluorescence microscopy	[139]
PEI-modified silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles	VEGF shRNA	Magnetite nanoparticles	MRI	[140]
Manganese-doped magnetism-engineered iron oxide nanoparticles coated with bovine serum albumin	Anti-GFP siRNA	Iron oxide nanoparticles	MRI	[141]
CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs	EGFP siRNA	Quantum dots	Fluorescence microscopy	[142]
1,4C-1,4Bis-gold nanorod poly(aminoether) nanoassemblies	Luc29 shRNA plasmid	Gold nanorod	Two-photon induced luminescence imaging	[86]
PEGylated liposome	Survivin siRNA	Gadolinium-containing lipids, Rhodamine-labeled cationic liposome, Alexa Fluor-labeled siRNA	MRI, fluorescence microscopy	[143]
Nanoparticles based on human serum albumin	GL3 siRNA	macrocyclic gadolinium complexes	MRI	[144]
QD-incorporated solid lipid nanoparticles	Bcl-2 siRNA	Quantum dots	Fluorescence imaging	[145]
Liposome-gold nanorod hybrids	PLK-1 siRNA	Gold nanorods	Multispectral optoacoustic tomography	[146]
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles	Hmgcr siRNA	Polymethine dyes	Intravital epifluorescence microscopy	[147]
Chitosan-based hybrid nanocomplex	Survivin siRNA	Cy5.5	NIR fluorescence imaging	[148]
PEI-PEG-cografted polymeric nanoparticles	Choline kinase siRNA	[111In]1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid	Single-photon emission computed tomography	[85]