Table 2. Comparing p-values for hemodynamic changes at each surgical stage with baseline (2% lidocaine group).

Systolic: Incision = 122 ± 14.28 > Baseline = 119 ± 11.27, P = .024

Systolic: Bone removal = 123 ± 14.57 > Baseline =119 ± 11.27, P = .032

Heart rate: Incision = 86 ± 9.58 > Baseline = 81 ± 9.48, P = .005

Heart rate: Finishing = 78 ± 8.62 < Baseline = 81 ± 9.48, P = .023