TABLE 1.

Hydrophilic Metabolites Peaks Assignments and Average Concentrations in Liver Tissues

			Concentration (μM/mg), mean ± SD
Key	Metabolites	δ 1H (ppm) and multiplicity	Control	7.8 Gya
1	Cholate	0.72(s), 0.94(d), 1.65(m)	0.57 ± 0.08	0.31 ± 0.03
2	Isoleucine	0.93(t), 1.0(d), 3.66(d)	0.52 ± 0.06	0.49 ± 0.03
3	Leucine	0.94(t), 0.99(d), 1.27(m), 1.46(m), 1.95(m), 3.64(d)	1.06 ± 0.19	1.01 ± 0.08
4	Valine	0.97(d), 1.02(d), 2.27(m), 3.6(d)	0.93 ± 0.25	0.86 ± 0.09
5	Isobutyrate	1.05(d), 2.38(m)	0.10 ± 0.02	0.14 ± 0.01
6	3-Hydroxybutyrate	1.2(d), 2.3(dd), 2.39(dd), 4.14(dd)	3.37 ± 0.31	0.78 ± 0.09
7	Threonine	1.33(d), 3.58(d), 4.26(m)	2.91 ± 0.23	3.03 ± 0.21
8	Lactate	1.33(d), 4.11(q)	11.79 ± 1.39	16.07 ± 2.69
9	Lysine	1.43(m), 1.51(m), 1.72(m), 1.89(m), 1.91(m), 3.03(t), 3.75(t)	0.91 ± 0.25	1.00 ± 0.10
10	Saccharopine	1.45(m), 1.75(m), 1.88(m), 2.1(m), 2.4(dd), 3.06(m), 3.61(t), 3.75(t)	1.54 ± 0.41	1.34 ± 0.10
11	Alanine	1.48(d), 3.78(q)	6.21 ± 1.01	9.88 ± 1.16
12	Arginine	1.65(m), 1.74(m), 1.9(m), 1.92(m), 3.23(t), 3.77(t)	2.59 ± 0.35	2.93 ± 0.33
13	Glutamate	2.05(m), 2.14(m), 2.34(m), 2.37(m), 3.76(dd)	3.10 ± 0.08	3.59 ± 0.99
14	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine	2.06(s), 3.54(t), 3.84(m), 4.0(m), 4.3(t), 5.51(dd), 5.97(dd), 7.94(d), 8.28(d)	0.32 ± 0.05	0.21 ± 0.03
15	1,3-Diaminopropane	2.08(m), 3.12(m)	0.42 ± 0.01	0.45 ± 0.06
16	S-adenosylhomocysteine	2.1(m), 2.67(t), 3.0(dd), 3.1(dd), 4.33(dd), 4.42(t), 6.06(d), 8.26(s), 8.36(s)	0.18 ± 0.02	0.18 ± 0.02
17	Glutamine	2.12(m), 2.43(m), 3.77(t)	2.25 ± 0.11	5.96 ± 1.92
18	O-acetylcarnitine	2.13(s), 2.5(dd), 2.63(dd), 3.18(s), 3.61(d), 5.6(m)	0.10 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.03
19	Glutathione	2.16(m), 2.18(m), 2.52(m), 2.57(m), 2.95(dd), 2.98(dd), 3.74(d), 3.77(m), 4.58(m)	6.28 ± 0.86	12.72 ± 1.66
20	Malate	2.36(dd), 2.67(dd), 4.3(m)	0.62 ± 0.17	1.50 ± 0.30
21	Succinate	2.39(s)	2.54 ± 0.30	2.85 ± 0.46
22	Carnitine	2.42(m), 3.21(s), 3.4(m), 4.56(m)	1.56 ± 0.21	1.17 ± 0.13
23	2-Oxobutyrate	2.44(t), 2.99(t)	0.19 ± 0.03	0.14 ± 0.02
24	Citrate	2.52(d), 2.65(d)	0.06 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.02
25	β-Alanine	2.53(t), 3.20(t)	2.55 ± 0.17	2.17 ± 0.42
26	Aspartate	2.65(dd), 2.8(dd), 3.89(dd)	0.80 ± 0.18	0.84 ± 0.28
27	NADPH	2.73(dd), 2.85(dd), 4.04(m), 4.2(m), 5.98(d), 6.19(d), 6.92(s), 8.22(s), 8.47(s)	0.14 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.04
28	NADH	2.74(dd), 4.04(dd), 4.2(m), 5.98(d), 6.2(d), 6.92(s), 8.22(s), 8.47(s)	0.13 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.02
29	Trimethylamine	2.88(s)	0.10 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.02
30	Creatine phosphate	3.01(s), 3.94(s)	0.43 ± 0.10	0.33 ± 0.10
31	Creatine	3.04(s), 3.91(s)	0.14 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.01
32	Creatinine	3.04(s), 3.98(s)	0.16 ± 0.03	0.28 ± 0.06
33	Phenylalanine	3.11(dd), 3.27(dd), 3.99(dd), 7.33(m), 7.38(m), 7.43(m)	0.18 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.01
34	Histidine	3.14(dd), 3.24(dd), 3.98(dd), 7.06(s), 7.79(s)	0.03 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.00
35	Ethanolamine	3.14(m), 3.82(m)	0.83 ± 0.17	1.17 ± 0.22
36	O-phosphoethanolamine	3.2(t), 3.98(dd)	1.30 ± 0.11	2.61 ± 0.20
37	Choline	3.21(s), 3.52(m), 4.07(m)	0.56 ± 0.07	0.15 ± 0.04
38	O-phosphocholine	3.21(s), 3.56(m), 4.19(m)	0.89 ± 0.24	0.38 ± 0.06
39	τ-Methylhistidine	3.22(dd), 3.3(dd), 3.73(s), 3.95(dd), 6.8(s), 8(s)	0.43 ± 0.04	0.50 ± 0.07
40	Glucose	3.23(m), 3.4(m), 3.5(m), 3.53(dd), 3.7(dd), 3.72(dd), 3.78(m), 3.83(m), 3.84(m), 3.94(dd), 4.65(d), 5.23(d)	47.55 ± 7.13	58.91 ± 2.52
41	Trimethylamine N-oxide	3.23(s)	1.95 ± 0.20	0.62 ± 0.15
42	sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine	3.23(s), 3.6(dd), 3.67(m), 3.68(dd), 3.86(m), 3.92(m), 3.95(m), 4.32(m)	0.95 ± 0.12	0.53 ± 0.02
43	Glucose-6-phosphate	3.25(t), 3.5(m), 3.57(m), 3.72(t), 3.96(m), 5.21(d)	2.60 ± 0.21	5.27 ± 0.53
44	Betaine	3.27(s), 3.91(s)	0.74 ± 0.12	3.16 ± 0.43
45	Myo-inositol	3.27(t), 3.52(dd), 3.61(t), 4.04(m)	0.82 ± 0.14	0.75 ± 0.16
46	Tryptophan	3.3(dd), 3.48(dd), 4.05(dd), 7.2(dd), 7.29(dd), 7.32(s), 7.54(d), 7.74(d)	0.06 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.01
47	Maltose	3.4(t), 3.61(m), 3.72(m), 5.22(m), 5.4(dd)	0.52 ± 0.21	0.92 ± 0.21
48	4-Hydroxyphenylacetate	3.43(s), 6.87(d), 7.17(d)	0.10 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.01
49	UDP-glucose	3.51(dd), 3.58(m), 3.78(dd), 4.13(d), 4.17(m), 4.23(m), 4.27(m), 4.36(m), 5.61(dd), 5.97(d), 5.99(d), 7.97(d)	0.25 ± 0.06	0.29 ± 0.06
50	UDP-glucuronate	3.51(dd), 3.58(m), 3.78(dd), 4.13(d), 4.17(m), 4.23(m), 4.27(m), 4.36(m), 5.61(dd), 5.97(d), 5.99(d), 7.97(d)	0.19 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.05
51	Glycerol	3.56(dd), 3.65(dd), 3.78(m)	1.99 ± 0.30	2.18 ± 0.19
52	Mannose	3.57(t), 5.17(s)	0.22 ± 0.07	0.31 ± 0.05
53	Mannitol	3.7(dd), 3.8(d), 3.9(dd)	1.48 ± 0.18	1.96 ± 0.33
54	UDP-galactose	3.72(dd), 3.75(dd), 3.81(m), 3.91(dd), 4(d), 4.16(m), 4.19(m), 4.24(m), 4.28(m), 4.37(m), 5.63(dd), 5.98(m), 7.95(d)	0.61 ± 0.14	0.51 ± 0.05
55	Adenosine	3.83(dd), 3.91(dd), 4.29(m), 4.42(dd), 4.79(dd), 6.05(d), 8.24(s), 8.34(s)	0.55 ± 0.06	0.32 ± 0.08
56	Inosine	3.84(dd), 3.92(dd), 4.27(m), 4.44(m), 4.76(t), 6.11(d), 8.23(s), 8.35(s)	0.11 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.03
57	Serine	3.84(dd), 3.95(dd), 3.99(dd)	1.53 ± 0.45	1.94 ± 0.35
58	Glycolate	3.92(s)	0.73 ± 0.15	0.59 ± 0.13
59	AMP	4.01(m), 4.36(m), 4.49(m), 4.78(dd), 6.11(d), 8.24(s), 8.62(s)	0.88 ± 0.29	0.30 ± 0.08
60	IMP	4.1(m), 4.36(m), 6.14(d), 8.2(s), 8.55(s)	0.40 ± 0.07	0.37 ± 0.08
61	Uridine	4.12(m), 4.22(t), 4.33(t), 5.89(dd), 7.85(d)	0.32 ± 0.11	0.41 ± 0.10
62	NADP+	4.2(m), 4.3(m), 6.0(d), 6.08(d), 8.13(s), 8.18(t), 8.41(s), 8.8(d), 9.09(d), 9.27(s)	0.25 ± 0.08	0.26 ± 0.03
63	ADP	4.2(m), 4.37(m), 4.57(dd), 4.74(dd), 6.13(dd), 8.27(s), 8.58(s)	0.56 ± 0.09	0.48 ± 0.03
64	Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide	4.2(m), 4.38(m), 6.03(dd), 8.07(t), 8.15(s), 8.42(s), 8.76(d), 9.0(d), 9.13(s)	0.03 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01
65	ATP	4.2(m), 4.4(m), 4.57(dd), 4.74(dd), 6.15(d), 8.23(s), 8.38(s)	0.49 ± 0.08	0.82 ± 0.14
66	GTP	4.21(m), 4.32(m), 5.92(d), 8.12(d)	0.54 ± 0.08	0.43 ± 0.05
67	NAD+	4.21(m), 4.37(m), 4.5(m), 6.05(dd), 8.15(s), 8.19(t), 8.41(s), 8.8(d), 9.13(d), 9.3(s)	0.87 ± 0.13	0.92 ± 0.18
68	Allantoin	5.4(s), 6.0(s)	0.22 ± 0.02	0.50 ± 0.10
69	Fumarate	6.52(s)	0.06 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.01
70	Niacinamide	7.6(dd), 8.26(m), 8.71(m), 8.94(d)	0.20 ± 0.05	0.30 ± 0.06
71	Oxypurinol	8.19(s)	0.45 ± 0.02	0.43 ± 0.19
72	Hypoxanthine	8.19(s), 8.21(s)	0.29 ± 0.04	0.21 ± 0.05

Notes. UDP-glucuronate = uridine diphosphate glucoronate; UDP-galactose = uridine diphosphate galactose; AMP = adenosine triphosphate; ADP = adenosine diphosphate; GTP = guanosine-5′-triphosphate. Multiplicity indicated by: singlet = (s) +; doublet = (d); triplet = (t); quartet = (q); multiplet = (m); and double of doublet = (dd).

^aDay 4 after 7.8 Gy gamma irradiation.