TABLE 1.
Hydrophilic Metabolites Peaks Assignments and Average Concentrations in Liver Tissues
| Concentration (μM/mg), mean ± SD
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Key | Metabolites | δ 1H (ppm) and multiplicity | Control | 7.8 Gya |
| 1 | Cholate | 0.72(s), 0.94(d), 1.65(m) | 0.57 ± 0.08 | 0.31 ± 0.03 |
| 2 | Isoleucine | 0.93(t), 1.0(d), 3.66(d) | 0.52 ± 0.06 | 0.49 ± 0.03 |
| 3 | Leucine | 0.94(t), 0.99(d), 1.27(m), 1.46(m), 1.95(m), 3.64(d) | 1.06 ± 0.19 | 1.01 ± 0.08 |
| 4 | Valine | 0.97(d), 1.02(d), 2.27(m), 3.6(d) | 0.93 ± 0.25 | 0.86 ± 0.09 |
| 5 | Isobutyrate | 1.05(d), 2.38(m) | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.01 |
| 6 | 3-Hydroxybutyrate | 1.2(d), 2.3(dd), 2.39(dd), 4.14(dd) | 3.37 ± 0.31 | 0.78 ± 0.09 |
| 7 | Threonine | 1.33(d), 3.58(d), 4.26(m) | 2.91 ± 0.23 | 3.03 ± 0.21 |
| 8 | Lactate | 1.33(d), 4.11(q) | 11.79 ± 1.39 | 16.07 ± 2.69 |
| 9 | Lysine | 1.43(m), 1.51(m), 1.72(m), 1.89(m), 1.91(m), 3.03(t), 3.75(t) | 0.91 ± 0.25 | 1.00 ± 0.10 |
| 10 | Saccharopine | 1.45(m), 1.75(m), 1.88(m), 2.1(m), 2.4(dd), 3.06(m), 3.61(t), 3.75(t) | 1.54 ± 0.41 | 1.34 ± 0.10 |
| 11 | Alanine | 1.48(d), 3.78(q) | 6.21 ± 1.01 | 9.88 ± 1.16 |
| 12 | Arginine | 1.65(m), 1.74(m), 1.9(m), 1.92(m), 3.23(t), 3.77(t) | 2.59 ± 0.35 | 2.93 ± 0.33 |
| 13 | Glutamate | 2.05(m), 2.14(m), 2.34(m), 2.37(m), 3.76(dd) | 3.10 ± 0.08 | 3.59 ± 0.99 |
| 14 | UDP-N-acetylglucosamine | 2.06(s), 3.54(t), 3.84(m), 4.0(m), 4.3(t), 5.51(dd), 5.97(dd), 7.94(d), 8.28(d) | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.21 ± 0.03 |
| 15 | 1,3-Diaminopropane | 2.08(m), 3.12(m) | 0.42 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.06 |
| 16 | S-adenosylhomocysteine | 2.1(m), 2.67(t), 3.0(dd), 3.1(dd), 4.33(dd), 4.42(t), 6.06(d), 8.26(s), 8.36(s) | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.18 ± 0.02 |
| 17 | Glutamine | 2.12(m), 2.43(m), 3.77(t) | 2.25 ± 0.11 | 5.96 ± 1.92 |
| 18 | O-acetylcarnitine | 2.13(s), 2.5(dd), 2.63(dd), 3.18(s), 3.61(d), 5.6(m) | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.03 |
| 19 | Glutathione | 2.16(m), 2.18(m), 2.52(m), 2.57(m), 2.95(dd), 2.98(dd), 3.74(d), 3.77(m), 4.58(m) | 6.28 ± 0.86 | 12.72 ± 1.66 |
| 20 | Malate | 2.36(dd), 2.67(dd), 4.3(m) | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 1.50 ± 0.30 |
| 21 | Succinate | 2.39(s) | 2.54 ± 0.30 | 2.85 ± 0.46 |
| 22 | Carnitine | 2.42(m), 3.21(s), 3.4(m), 4.56(m) | 1.56 ± 0.21 | 1.17 ± 0.13 |
| 23 | 2-Oxobutyrate | 2.44(t), 2.99(t) | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.02 |
| 24 | Citrate | 2.52(d), 2.65(d) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 |
| 25 | β-Alanine | 2.53(t), 3.20(t) | 2.55 ± 0.17 | 2.17 ± 0.42 |
| 26 | Aspartate | 2.65(dd), 2.8(dd), 3.89(dd) | 0.80 ± 0.18 | 0.84 ± 0.28 |
| 27 | NADPH | 2.73(dd), 2.85(dd), 4.04(m), 4.2(m), 5.98(d), 6.19(d), 6.92(s), 8.22(s), 8.47(s) | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.04 |
| 28 | NADH | 2.74(dd), 4.04(dd), 4.2(m), 5.98(d), 6.2(d), 6.92(s), 8.22(s), 8.47(s) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.08 ± 0.02 |
| 29 | Trimethylamine | 2.88(s) | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.02 |
| 30 | Creatine phosphate | 3.01(s), 3.94(s) | 0.43 ± 0.10 | 0.33 ± 0.10 |
| 31 | Creatine | 3.04(s), 3.91(s) | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.01 |
| 32 | Creatinine | 3.04(s), 3.98(s) | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.06 |
| 33 | Phenylalanine | 3.11(dd), 3.27(dd), 3.99(dd), 7.33(m), 7.38(m), 7.43(m) | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.01 |
| 34 | Histidine | 3.14(dd), 3.24(dd), 3.98(dd), 7.06(s), 7.79(s) | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 |
| 35 | Ethanolamine | 3.14(m), 3.82(m) | 0.83 ± 0.17 | 1.17 ± 0.22 |
| 36 | O-phosphoethanolamine | 3.2(t), 3.98(dd) | 1.30 ± 0.11 | 2.61 ± 0.20 |
| 37 | Choline | 3.21(s), 3.52(m), 4.07(m) | 0.56 ± 0.07 | 0.15 ± 0.04 |
| 38 | O-phosphocholine | 3.21(s), 3.56(m), 4.19(m) | 0.89 ± 0.24 | 0.38 ± 0.06 |
| 39 | τ-Methylhistidine | 3.22(dd), 3.3(dd), 3.73(s), 3.95(dd), 6.8(s), 8(s) | 0.43 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.07 |
| 40 | Glucose | 3.23(m), 3.4(m), 3.5(m), 3.53(dd), 3.7(dd), 3.72(dd), 3.78(m), 3.83(m), 3.84(m), 3.94(dd), 4.65(d), 5.23(d) | 47.55 ± 7.13 | 58.91 ± 2.52 |
| 41 | Trimethylamine N-oxide | 3.23(s) | 1.95 ± 0.20 | 0.62 ± 0.15 |
| 42 | sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine | 3.23(s), 3.6(dd), 3.67(m), 3.68(dd), 3.86(m), 3.92(m), 3.95(m), 4.32(m) | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 0.53 ± 0.02 |
| 43 | Glucose-6-phosphate | 3.25(t), 3.5(m), 3.57(m), 3.72(t), 3.96(m), 5.21(d) | 2.60 ± 0.21 | 5.27 ± 0.53 |
| 44 | Betaine | 3.27(s), 3.91(s) | 0.74 ± 0.12 | 3.16 ± 0.43 |
| 45 | Myo-inositol | 3.27(t), 3.52(dd), 3.61(t), 4.04(m) | 0.82 ± 0.14 | 0.75 ± 0.16 |
| 46 | Tryptophan | 3.3(dd), 3.48(dd), 4.05(dd), 7.2(dd), 7.29(dd), 7.32(s), 7.54(d), 7.74(d) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 |
| 47 | Maltose | 3.4(t), 3.61(m), 3.72(m), 5.22(m), 5.4(dd) | 0.52 ± 0.21 | 0.92 ± 0.21 |
| 48 | 4-Hydroxyphenylacetate | 3.43(s), 6.87(d), 7.17(d) | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 |
| 49 | UDP-glucose | 3.51(dd), 3.58(m), 3.78(dd), 4.13(d), 4.17(m), 4.23(m), 4.27(m), 4.36(m), 5.61(dd), 5.97(d), 5.99(d), 7.97(d) | 0.25 ± 0.06 | 0.29 ± 0.06 |
| 50 | UDP-glucuronate | 3.51(dd), 3.58(m), 3.78(dd), 4.13(d), 4.17(m), 4.23(m), 4.27(m), 4.36(m), 5.61(dd), 5.97(d), 5.99(d), 7.97(d) | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.05 |
| 51 | Glycerol | 3.56(dd), 3.65(dd), 3.78(m) | 1.99 ± 0.30 | 2.18 ± 0.19 |
| 52 | Mannose | 3.57(t), 5.17(s) | 0.22 ± 0.07 | 0.31 ± 0.05 |
| 53 | Mannitol | 3.7(dd), 3.8(d), 3.9(dd) | 1.48 ± 0.18 | 1.96 ± 0.33 |
| 54 | UDP-galactose | 3.72(dd), 3.75(dd), 3.81(m), 3.91(dd), 4(d), 4.16(m), 4.19(m), 4.24(m), 4.28(m), 4.37(m), 5.63(dd), 5.98(m), 7.95(d) | 0.61 ± 0.14 | 0.51 ± 0.05 |
| 55 | Adenosine | 3.83(dd), 3.91(dd), 4.29(m), 4.42(dd), 4.79(dd), 6.05(d), 8.24(s), 8.34(s) | 0.55 ± 0.06 | 0.32 ± 0.08 |
| 56 | Inosine | 3.84(dd), 3.92(dd), 4.27(m), 4.44(m), 4.76(t), 6.11(d), 8.23(s), 8.35(s) | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.03 |
| 57 | Serine | 3.84(dd), 3.95(dd), 3.99(dd) | 1.53 ± 0.45 | 1.94 ± 0.35 |
| 58 | Glycolate | 3.92(s) | 0.73 ± 0.15 | 0.59 ± 0.13 |
| 59 | AMP | 4.01(m), 4.36(m), 4.49(m), 4.78(dd), 6.11(d), 8.24(s), 8.62(s) | 0.88 ± 0.29 | 0.30 ± 0.08 |
| 60 | IMP | 4.1(m), 4.36(m), 6.14(d), 8.2(s), 8.55(s) | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.37 ± 0.08 |
| 61 | Uridine | 4.12(m), 4.22(t), 4.33(t), 5.89(dd), 7.85(d) | 0.32 ± 0.11 | 0.41 ± 0.10 |
| 62 | NADP+ | 4.2(m), 4.3(m), 6.0(d), 6.08(d), 8.13(s), 8.18(t), 8.41(s), 8.8(d), 9.09(d), 9.27(s) | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0.26 ± 0.03 |
| 63 | ADP | 4.2(m), 4.37(m), 4.57(dd), 4.74(dd), 6.13(dd), 8.27(s), 8.58(s) | 0.56 ± 0.09 | 0.48 ± 0.03 |
| 64 | Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide | 4.2(m), 4.38(m), 6.03(dd), 8.07(t), 8.15(s), 8.42(s), 8.76(d), 9.0(d), 9.13(s) | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 |
| 65 | ATP | 4.2(m), 4.4(m), 4.57(dd), 4.74(dd), 6.15(d), 8.23(s), 8.38(s) | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.14 |
| 66 | GTP | 4.21(m), 4.32(m), 5.92(d), 8.12(d) | 0.54 ± 0.08 | 0.43 ± 0.05 |
| 67 | NAD+ | 4.21(m), 4.37(m), 4.5(m), 6.05(dd), 8.15(s), 8.19(t), 8.41(s), 8.8(d), 9.13(d), 9.3(s) | 0.87 ± 0.13 | 0.92 ± 0.18 |
| 68 | Allantoin | 5.4(s), 6.0(s) | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 0.50 ± 0.10 |
| 69 | Fumarate | 6.52(s) | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 |
| 70 | Niacinamide | 7.6(dd), 8.26(m), 8.71(m), 8.94(d) | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.06 |
| 71 | Oxypurinol | 8.19(s) | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 0.43 ± 0.19 |
| 72 | Hypoxanthine | 8.19(s), 8.21(s) | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0.21 ± 0.05 |
Notes. UDP-glucuronate = uridine diphosphate glucoronate; UDP-galactose = uridine diphosphate galactose; AMP = adenosine triphosphate; ADP = adenosine diphosphate; GTP = guanosine-5′-triphosphate. Multiplicity indicated by: singlet = (s) +; doublet = (d); triplet = (t); quartet = (q); multiplet = (m); and double of doublet = (dd).
a
Day 4 after 7.8 Gy gamma irradiation.