Table 1.
Characteristics of HIV-Infected Women Receiving Medical Care by Receipt of Pap Test in the United States: Medical Monitoring Project, 2009–2010
| Characteristics | Total
|
Had Pap test in past year |
Did not have a Pap test in past year |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Weighted % (95% CI) |
n | Weighted % (95% CI) |
n | Weighted % (95% CI) |
p Valuea | |
| Total | 2270 | 100 | 1771 | 78.1 (74.5–81.6) | 499 | 21.9 (18.4–25.5) | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||||
| Age at interview in years | <0.001 | ||||||
| 18–29 | 178 | 7.9 (6.2–9.7) | 154 | 8.6 (6.7–10.5) | 24 | 5.6 (2.9–8.2) | |
| 30–39 | 457 | 20.1 (17.7–22.4) | 378 | 21.6 (19.2–24.0) | 79 | 14.6 (11.2–18.0) | |
| 40–49 | 829 | 37.2 (34.2–40.2) | 648 | 37.5 (34.5–40.5) | 181 | 36.2 (30.3–42.0) | |
| 50+ | 806 | 34.8 (32.1–37.4) | 591 | 32.3 (29.1–35.4) | 215 | 43.7 (39.2–48.1) | |
| Race/ethnicity | 0.063 | ||||||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 1385 | 61.7 (53.4–70.0) | 1108 | 62.9 (54.8–71.0) | 277 | 57.5 (47.5–67.5) | |
| Hispanic/Latinob | 428 | 17.1 (9.8–24.4) | 332 | 17.4 (10.2–24.5) | 96 | 16.3 (7.3–25.2) | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 382 | 17.7 (14.0–21.3) | 271 | 16.2 (13.0–19.4) | 111 | 22.8 (16.0–29.6) | |
| Otherc | 75 | 3.5 (2.3–4.7) | 60 | 3.5 (2.4–4.6) | 15 | 3.5 (1.1–5.8) | |
| Education attainment | 0.793 | ||||||
| <High school | 779 | 33.1 (30.8–35.3) | 605 | 32.7 (30.3–35.1) | 174 | 34.4 (28.3–40.4) | |
| High school diploma or GED | 710 | 30.8 (28.2–33.4) | 566 | 31.2 (28.3–34.0) | 144 | 29.4 (24.6–34.2) | |
| >High school | 779 | 36.1 (32.7–39.6) | 598 | 36.1 (32.7–39.6) | 181 | 36.2 (29.9–42.6) | |
| Length of time since HIV diagnosis | 0.907 | ||||||
| 1–4 years | 455 | 20.4 (18.4–22.5) | 358 | 20.2 (18.0–22.5) | 97 | 21.0 (17.4–24.6) | |
| 5–9 years | 591 | 26.7 (24.5–28.8) | 457 | 26.6 (24.4–28.9) | 134 | 26.9 (22.2–31.5) | |
| 10+ years | 1224 | 52.9 (50.3–55.5) | 956 | 53.1 (50.3–55.9) | 268 | 52.1 (47.3–56.9) | |
| Poverty level*, d | 0.038 | ||||||
| Above poverty level | 743 | 37.1 (33.5–40.6) | 562 | 35.6 (32.1–39.1) | 181 | 42.3 (36.4–48.3) | |
| At or below poverty level | 1428 | 62.9 (59.4–66.5) | 1138 | 64.4 (60.9–67.9) | 290 | 57.7 (51.7–63.6) | |
| Unknown | 99 | 4.8 (3.5–6.0) | 71 | 4.5 (3.2–5.8) | 28 | 5.9 (3.3–8.4) | |
| Uninsured or lapse in insurance*, e | 0.113 | ||||||
| No | 1640 | 71.6 (67.3–75.9) | 1260 | 70.7 (65.9–75.4) | 380 | 74.9 (69.9–79.8) | |
| Yes | 626 | 28.4 (24.1–32.7) | 509 | 29.3 (24.6–34.1) | 117 | 25.1 (20.2–30.1) | |
| Foreign born (country of birth other than United States or Puerto Rico) | 0.003 | ||||||
| No | 2012 | 88.5 (85.0–91.9) | 1546 | 87.2 (83.2–91.1) | 466 | 93.1 (89.6–96.5) | |
| Yes | 257 | 11.5 (8.1–15.0) | 224 | 12.8 (8.9–16.8) | 33 | 6.9 (3.5–10.4) | |
| Homeless*, f | 0.692 | ||||||
| No | 2075 | 91.9 (90.5–93.2) | 1617 | 92.0 (90.5–93.5) | 458 | 91.4 (88.7–94.1) | |
| Yes | 195 | 8.1 (6.8–9.5) | 154 | 8.0 (6.5–9.5) | 41 | 8.6 (5.9–11.3) | |
| Incarceration* | 0.729 | ||||||
| No | 2163 | 95.0 (93.9–96.2) | 1689 | 95.1 (93.8–96.4) | 474 | 94.7 (92.8–96.6) | |
| Yes | 107 | 5.0 (3.8–6.1) | 82 | 4.9 (3.6–6.2) | 25 | 5.3 (3.4–7.2) | |
| Behaviors | |||||||
| Had sex without a condom with a male*, g | 0.010 | ||||||
| No sexual activity with a male | 1063 | 48.8 (46.6–51.0) | 789 | 46.8 (44.4–49.1) | 274 | 56.0 (49.9–62.2) | |
| Protected sex only | 699 | 30.9 (28.7–33.1) | 568 | 31.8 (29.5–34.1) | 131 | 27.8 (22.0–33.7) | |
| Any sex without a condom | 453 | 20.3 (18.0–22.5) | 370 | 21.4 (19.0–23.9) | 83 | 16.1 (12.4–19.8) | |
| Any drug use | 0.064 | ||||||
| No | 1859 | 81.5 (79.4–83.7) | 1472 | 83.1 (80.7–85.4) | 387 | 76.0 (69.5–82.5) | |
| Yes | 408 | 18.5 (16.3–20.6) | 297 | 16.9 (14.6–19.3) | 111 | 24.0 (17.5–30.5) | |
| Depression | |||||||
| Depression | 0.003 | ||||||
| No depression | 1561 | 69.1 (66.4–71.9) | 1247 | 71.2 (68.3–74.0) | 314 | 61.7 (56.1–67.4) | |
| Other depression | 322 | 14.8 (13.0–16.5) | 234 | 13.2 (11.4–15.0) | 88 | 20.3 (15.4–25.2) | |
| Major depression | 357 | 16.1 (14.3–18.0) | 271 | 15.6 (13.7–17.6) | 86 | 18.0 (14.7–21.2) | |
| Health services | |||||||
| Had 1:1 conversation with a health care professional about HIV and STD prevention* | 0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1087 | 51.3 (46.7–55.9) | 788 | 48.4 (43.7–53.1) | 299 | 61.7 (54.9–68.5) | |
| Yes | 1178 | 48.7 (44.1–53.3) | 978 | 51.6 (46.9–56.3) | 200 | 38.3 (31.5–45.1) | |
| Had HIV care from obstetrician/gynecologist* | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1757 | 79.2 (74.2–84.2) | 1287 | 75.0 (68.6–81.4) | 470 | 94.1 (91.7–96.5) | |
| Yes | 510 | 20.8 (15.8–25.8) | 481 | 25.0 (18.6–31.4) | 29 | 5.9 (3.5–8.3) | |
| CD4/viral load ≥3* | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 653 | 30.0 (26.6–33.4) | 465 | 27.5 (24.3–30.7) | 188 | 38.8 (32.7–45.0) | |
| Yes | 1609 | 70.0 (66.6–73.4) | 1302 | 72.5 (69.3–75.7) | 307 | 61.2 (55.0–67.3) | |
| Received gonorrhea screening* | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1632 | 73.4 (68.9–77.9) | 1184 | 68.3 (63.4–73.3) | 448 | 91.7 (87.5–95.8) | |
| Yes | 630 | 26.6 (22.1–31.1) | 583 | 31.7 (26.7–36.6) | 47 | 8.3 (4.2–12.5) | |
| Received chlamydia screening* | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1589 | 71.2 (66.9–75.5) | 1144 | 65.5 (60.9–70.2) | 445 | 91.5 (87.5–95.4) | |
| Yes | 673 | 28.8 (24.5–33.1) | 623 | 34.5 (29.8–39.1) | 50 | 8.5 (4.6–12.5) | |
| Received syphilis screening* | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1083 | 51.7 (45.4–58.0) | 792 | 48.7 (42.2–55.1) | 291 | 62.5 (55.4–69.6) | |
| Yes | 1179 | 48.3 (42.0–54.6) | 975 | 51.3 (44.9–57.8) | 204 | 37.5 (30.4–44.6) | |
| Received gonorrhea and chlamydia and syphilis screening* | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 1797 | 80.8 (76.7–85.0) | 1338 | 77.2 (72.3–82.2) | 459 | 93.8 (90.9–96.6) | |
| Yes | 465 | 19.2 (15.0–23.3) | 429 | 22.8 (17.8–27.7) | 36 | 6.2 (3.4–9.1) | |
| Clinical status and care | |||||||
| HIV disease stage*, h | 0.004 | ||||||
| Stage 1 | 160 | 7.9 (6.5–9.3) | 133 | 8.4 (6.7–10.1) | 27 | 6.0 (3.7–8.4) | |
| Stage 2 | 581 | 25.5 (23.2–27.8) | 473 | 26.9 (24.4–29.4) | 108 | 20.5 (16.3–24.7) | |
| Stage 3 | 1526 | 66.6 (64.2–69.0) | 1163 | 64.7 (62.1–67.4) | 363 | 73.4 (68.8–78.1) | |
| Prescribed ART* | 0.815 | ||||||
| No | 277 | 12.5 (10.9–14.2) | 213 | 12.5 (10.5–14.4) | 64 | 12.8 (10.2–15.5) | |
| Yes | 1993 | 87.5 (85.8–89.1) | 1558 | 87.5 (85.6–89.5) | 435 | 87.2 (84.5–89.8) | |
| Most recent viral load* | 0.338 | ||||||
| Most recent viral load >200 copies/mL | 715 | 31.2 (28.0–34.3) | 548 | 30.7 (27.5–33.9) | 167 | 32.7 (28.2–37.3) | |
| Most recent viral load undetectable or <200 copies/mL | 1555 | 68.8 (65.7–72.0) | 1223 | 69.3 (66.1–72.5) | 332 | 67.3 (62.7–71.8) | |
Time period: In the past 12 months.
p-Value based on the modified Rao-Scott chi-square test.
Hispanics or Latinos might be of any race. Participants are classified in only one category.
Includes: Asians, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islanders, and multiracial groups.
Poverty guidelines as defined by the Department of Health and Human Services; the 2008 guidelines were used for patients interviewed in 2009 and 2009 guidelines were used patients interviewed in 2010.
Health insurance coverage was considered continuous if there were no gaps in coverage during the past 12 months.
The McKinney-Vento definition of homelessness categorizes persons as homeless if they lack a fixed, regular, adequate nighttime residence or if they have a steady nighttime residence.
Defined as anal or vaginal sex with a male in the past 12 months.
The stage of disease is based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s surveillance case definition for HIV infection. Stages are defined as follows: Stage 1, no acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and nadir CD4+ T-lymphocyte count ≥0.500× 109 cells/ L (or CD4% ≥29); Stage 2, no AIDS and nadir CD4 0.200–0.499 × 109 cells/L (or CD4% 14- <29); Stage 3, AIDS or nadir CD4 0–0.199 × 109 cells/L (or CD4% <14).
AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; GED, General Educational Development test; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; n, unweighted sample size; Pap, Papanicolaou test.