Table 2.
Comparison among preintervention, postintervention, and follow-up
| Measurements | ASD (n=16), mean (SD)
|
ANOVA
|
Direction of difference | Pre-post
|
95% CI | Pre-follow
|
95% CI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-CRT | Post-CRT | Follow-CRT | F-value | P-value | ES | ES | ||||
| Brixton test | 15.94 (13.65) | 9.63 (7.34) | 8.94 (5.63) | 2.63 | 0.08 | – | 0.58 | −0.16, 1.31 | 0.67 | −0.07, 1.41 |
| ROCF CC index | 1.07 (0.48) | 1.44 (0.37) | 1.51 (0.34) | 5.51 | 0.007** | Pre < post, pre < follow | −0.86 | −1.62, 0.11 | −1.06 | −1.83, −0.29 |
| ROCF order index | 1.68 (0.93) | 2.18 (0.6) | 2.25 (0.57) | 3.02 | 0.06 | – | −0.64 | −1.38, 0.1 | −0.74 | −1.49, 0.01 |
| ROCF style index | 1.08 (0.48) | 1.52 (0.41) | 1.60 (0.36) | 7.28 | 0.002** | Pre < post, pre < follow | −0.99 | −1.75, −0.22 | −1.23 | −2.01, −0.44 |
| Stroop test | 7.05 (5.37) | 5.9 (3.70) | 5.58 (4.15) | 0.48 | 0.62 | – | 0.25 | −0.48, 0.97 | 0.31 | −0.42, 1.03 |
| TMT trial B–trial A | 30.68 (17.67) | 29.98 (17.35) | 28.19 (16.44) | 0.09 | 0.91 | – | 0.04 | −0.68, 0.76 | 0.15 | −0.58, 0.87 |
| WCST PEN | 1.38 (2.03) | 0.25 (0.58) | 0.50 (0.89) | 3.19 | 0.05 | – | 0.76 | 0.01, 1.5 | 0.56 | −0.17, 1.3 |
| CFS | 36.75 (11.69) | 39.81 (10.08) | 38.19 (9.54) | 0.34 | 0.71 | – | −0.28 | −1.01, 0.45 | 0.13 | −0.86, 0.59 |
| RSES | 20.06 (4.68) | 21.00 (5.72) | 22.69 (6.78) | 0.85 | 0.44 | – | −0.18 | −0.9, 0.54 | −0.45 | −1.18, 0.28 |
| HADS (A) | 10.88 (4.70) | 6.69 (3.94) | 7.88 (3.95) | 4.19 | 0.02* | Pre > post | 0.97 | 0.2, 1.73 | 0.69 | −0.05, 1.43 |
| HADS (D) | 7.75 (5.09) | 6.38 (5.21) | 6.56 (5.15) | 0.34 | 0.72 | – | 0.27 | −0.46, 0.99 | 0.23 | −0.49, 0.96 |
| GAD-7 | 9.38 (5.27) | 4.88 (5.45) | 5.45 (4.12) | 3.88 | 0.03* | Pre > post | 0.84 | 0.09, 1.59 | 0.83 | 0.08, 1.58 |
| PHQ-9 | 10.75 (6.50) | 6.44 (5.83) | 6.69 (4.59) | 2.89 | 0.07 | – | 0.70 | −0.05, 1.44 | 0.72 | −0.02, 1.47 |
| EQ-5D | 0.73 (0.13) | 0.77 (0.12)a | 0.79 (0.12) | 0.761 | 0.47 | – | −0.32 | −1.06, 0.42 | −0.48 | −1.21, 0.25 |
Notes:
a
n=15.
*
P<0.05.
**
P<0.01.
Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorders; ANOVA, analysis of variance; CC, central coherence; CFS, Cognitive Flexibility Scale; CRT, cognitive remediation therapy; EQ-5D, EuroQol 5 dimension; ES, effect size; GAD, general anxiety disorder; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; CA; PEN, perseverative errors in Nelson; PHQ, Patient Health Questionnaire; ROCF, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure; RSES, Rosenberg self-esteem scale; SD, standard deviation; TMT, trail-making test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.