Fig. 4.

Reconstructed microbeam µCT crack paths and SEM images of propagated cracks in cortical tissue, with notches and crack paths highlighted in red, from an (A) atypical fracture patient (+BIS Atypical), (B) a typical fracture patient with (+BIS Typical) and (C) without (−BIS Typical) history of bisphosphonate treatment, and (D) a patient without a history of fragility fracture or bisphosphonate treatment (−BIS Nonfx), showing (E) trend toward lower crack tortuosity in bisphosphonate-treated groups (^#P < 0.10 by Mann–Whitney U test), suggesting less deviation at osteonal interfaces. (Scale bars, 50 µm.)