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. 2017 Jul 31;114(33):E6867–E6874. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1706915114

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Selection of potent cytokine switches through unbiased screening of an infectious human cytokine library. (A) Scheme representing the selection of active cytokines that regulate the differentiation of DPSCs from autocrine-based human cytokine libraries; 209 cytokines were screened in the human cytokine library. Each cytokine was attached to the transmembrane domain of platelet-derived growth factor receptor via a flexible linker and then incorporated into lentiviruses used to infect DPSCs. (B) Odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs was measured by ALP assay 10 d after infection with the lentiviral cytokine library. The mean values of ALP activity from two independent experiments are shown. Dots represent individual members of the cytokine families indicated on the x axis. Ctl represents DPSCs cultured in basal osteoblastic differentiation media. (C) Sixteen cytokines from the cytokine library were identified as positive inducers of odontoblastic differentiation based on increased ALP activity. OSM most strongly increased ALP activity. Data are shown as mean + SD (n = 6). (D) ARS staining and scanning electron microscopy of DPSCs 10 d after incubation with OSM confirmed that OSM most strongly induced DPSC differentiation compared with Ctl. The quantification of ARS staining was performed twice and the mean values are shown. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.