Table 2.

lcnRNAs Associated with Cardiovascular Biology

lncRNA	Expression	Biological Context	Action	Genomic Localization	Organism	Reference
Differentiation and Cardiac Development
Bvht	embryonic stem cells	cardiomyocyte differentiation	signal	intergenic	mouse	24, 25
Fendrr	lateral plate mesoderm	development of heart and body wall	signal	intergenic	human, mouse, rat	26
Novlnc6	embryonic stem cells (particularly left ventricle), cardiomyocytes	cardiac differentiation and maturation	decoy		human, mouse	27
CARMEN	cardiac precursor cell	cardiomyocyte differentiation of cardiac precursor cells	enhancer	intergenic	human, mouse, rat	28
n411949	embryonic heart	cardiac development	unknown	antisense	mouse	22
n413445	embryonic heart	cardiac development	unknown	intronic	mouse	22
Contractile Function
KCNQ1OT1		cardiac development	signal	antisense	human, mouse	30
β-RNA	adult ventricles	contractile phenotype, pressure overload	unknown	antisense	rat	33
Vascular Development
SENCR	smooth muscle cells	maintenance of smooth muscle cells’ differentiated state	decoy	antisense	human	37, 38
SMILR	VSMCs	proliferation of smooth muscle cells	proposed scaffold or enhancer	intergenic	human	39
MALAT1	ECs	proliferation of ECs and vascularization	decoy	intergenic	human, mouse	17
PUNISHER	ECs	identity of ECs	guide	antisense	human, mouse, zebrafish	42