Table 1.

Overview of the different biomarkers based on the neuropathological changes in Alzheimer’s disease

Pathological change	Biomarker category	Biomarker(s)
Aβ deposition = early marker	Biochemical (CSF) Molecular imaging	CSF Aβ1-42 or Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 PET with amyloid-specific probes
NFT formation	Biochemical (CSF)	CSF P-tau181
Neuronal injury = downstream	Biochemical (CSF) Topographical	CSF T-tau [18F]FDG-PET SPECT HCV / MTL atrophy on MRI

Aβ amyloid-β, Aβ _1-42 β-amyloid peptide of 42 amino acids, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, FDG fluorodeoxyglucose, HCV hippocampal volume, MTL medial temporal lobe, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PET positron emission tomography, P-tau ₁₈₁ phosphorylated tau at threonine 181, SPECT single photon emission computed tomography, T-tau total tau protein