Table 2.

Influence of lifestyle modifications on HDL-C

Intervention	HDL-C increasein %	Effect
Physical activity	5–10	Increased LPL, pre-β-HDL, reverse cholesterol transport, protective lipoproteins
Smoking cessation	5–10	Increased LCAT, reverse cholesterol transport, inhibits CETP
Weight loss	5–20	Increased LCAT, LPL and reverse cholesterol transport
Alcohol consumption	5–15	Increased ABCA1, apo-A-I and paraoxonase, reduced CETP
Mediterranean diet (unsaturated fatty acids)	0–5	Increase in atheroprotective lipoproteins

ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, ABCG1 ATP-binding cassette transporter G1, CETP cholesteryl ester transfer protein, LCAT lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase, LPL lipoprotein lipase