Table 2.

Predictors of persistent opioid users in the entire cohort (n=57,545)

	Multivariable Odds Ratio a	95% Confidence Interval
Demographics
Age 50–59	1.02	0.88–1.17
Age 60–69	0.95	0.83–1.10
Age ≥70	Reference	-
Female v. male	1.03	0.94–1.13
Surgery characteristics
Knee surgery v. hip	1.75	1.59–1.93*
Discharge to a rehabilitation facility	1.26	1.12–1.42*
No. of days for in-hospital stay	1.04	1.02–1.06*
Preoperative opioid use
Any opioid use	1.72	1.27–2.33*
No. of months with opioid use	1.47	1.45–1.50*
≥1 month with a mean OME dose>100mg/day	1.44	1.19–1.73*
No. of months with PDC >80%
0	Reference	-
1–3	2.53	2.25–2.84*
4–6	3.31	2.79–3.94*
7+	4.54	3.79–5.45*
Multiple opioid agents	1.04	0.95–1.15
Comorbidities
Alcoholism	0.93	0.70–1.25
Cocaine use	3.59	0.95–13.5
Marijuana use	1.14	0.33–3.98
Fibromyalgia	1.22	1.07–1.39*
Migraine	1.19	1.04–1.36*
Rheumatoid arthritis	1.40	1.20–1.65*
SLE	1.11	0.81–1.53
Back pain	1.28	1.17–1.40*
Tobacco use	1.20	1.07–1.35*
Substance abuse	1.17	0.84–1.64
Comorbidity score	1.03	1.00–1.06*
Medications
Antidepressants	1.08	0.99–1.19
Benzodiazepines	1.42	1.29–1.56*
NSAIDs/Coxibs	1.01	0.92–1.10
Oral steroids	1.02	0.93–1.12
Gabapentin/pregabalin	1.10	0.93–1.31
Healthcare Utilization
No. of acute hospitalizations	0.93	0.87–1.00*

^aAdditionally adjusted for the index year

OME: oral morphine equivalent, NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Coxib: selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, PDC: proportion of days covered, SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus

^*P-value <0.05