Table 2.

The effect of HDAC inhibitors on osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis of various cell types.

Inhibitor	Cell type	Effect	Mechanism	Ref
VPA	Adipose Bone marrow	Osteogenesis	Increase OSX, OPN, BMP2, RUNX2, ALP	(Cho et al., 2005)
VPA	Bone marrow stromal cells	Osteogenesis	Increase acetylation of H3K9 via HDAC 8 regulation	(Jeon et al., 2006)
VPA	Dental pulp stem cells	Osteogenesis	Down-regulate HDAC 2 Increase OC, BSP, and OPN	(Shen et al., 2002)
VPA NaB	Adipose Umbilical cord	Osteogenesis	Increase p21CIP1/WAF1	(Lee et al., 2009)
VPA NaB	Adipose-derived stromal cells	Osteogenesis	In reduced oxygen tension	(Xu et al., 2009)
NaB	Primary bone marrow cells	Osteogenesis	Regulation of HDAC1 Increase Runx2, OC, OPN, and ALP	(Hesse et al., 2010)
VPA TSA	Murine dental pulp–derived cell line	Osteogenesis	Increase DMP-1, BMP-4	(Duncan et al., 2012)
TSA	Dental pulp stem cells	Odontoblast differentiation	Up-regulate phospho-Smad2/3, Smad4, and nuclear factor I-C	(Jin et al., 2013)
TSA	Human periodontal ligament cells	Osteogenesis bone regeneration	Reduction of HDAC1, 2, 3 Increase acetylation of H3K9K14 and RUNX2	(Huynh et al., 2016)
SAHA	Osteoblast precursor Primary osteoblast	Osteogenesis	Increased MMP-13	(Duncan et al., 2016a)