Table.

Comparison of Endoscopic Fistula Closure Techniques

	Advantage(s)	Disadvantage(s)
Sealant	Easily placed; can be used more than once	Rarely successful as monotherapy
Stent	Easily placed	Chance of migration and/or ulceration; limited by gastrointestinal tract geometry
Suturing	Can be applied at complex gastrointestinal tract geometry	Technically demanding; must be within reach of double-channel endoscope
Clip	Easily applied	Limited to smaller openings
Plug	Easily placed	Requires cutaneous opening
Sponge	Noninvasive; can be customized for leak cavity	Requires external drainage, monitoring, and repeat procedures