Table 1.
Characteristics of HLA-eligible TEDDY children followed to age 6 years
| IA negative (N = 7,914) | Any IA (N = 589) | IAA only (N = 252) | GADA only (N = 226) | IA-2A only (N = 9) | Multiple IA (N = 102) | Type 1 diabetes (N = 172) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 3,928 (49.6) | 264 (44.8) | 108 (42.9) | 105 (46.5) | 2 (22.2) | 49 (48.0) | 85 (49.4) |
| Male | 3,986 (50.4) | 325 (55.2) | 144 (57.1) | 121 (53.5) | 7 (77.8) | 53 (52.0) | 87 (50.6) |
| Family history | |||||||
| GP | 7,112 (89.9) | 465 (79.0) | 196 (77.8) | 183 (81.0) | 7 (77.8) | 79 (77.5) | 118 (68.6) |
| FDR mother | 307 (3.9) | 31 (5.3) | 10 (4.0) | 12 (5.3) | 1 (11.1) | 8 (7.8) | 12 (7.0) |
| FDR father | 384 (4.9) | 65 (11.0) | 29 (11.5) | 25 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 11 (10.8) | 31 (18.0) |
| FDR sibling | 111 (1.4) | 28 (4.8) | 17 (6.8) | 6 (2.7) | 1 (11.1) | 4 (3.9) | 11 (6.4) |
| HLA | |||||||
| DR3/3 | 1,706 (21.6) | 76 (12.9) | 17 (6.8) | 54 (23.9) | 1 (11.1) | 4 (3.9) | 18 (10.5) |
| DR3/X | 22 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) |
| DR3/4 | 3,019 (38.2) | 298 (50.6) | 125 (49.6) | 111 (49.1) | 3 (33.3) | 59 (57.8) | 97 (56.4) |
| DR4/X | 1,609 (20.3) | 112 (19.0) | 66 (26.2) | 27 (12.0) | 2 (22.2) | 17 (16.7) | 34 (19.8) |
| DR4/4 | 1,558 (19.7) | 103 (17.5) | 44 (17.5) | 34 (15.0) | 3 (33.3) | 22 (21.6) | 22 (12.8) |
| Country | |||||||
| U.S. | 3,428 (43.3) | 203 (34.5) | 73 (29.0) | 98 (43.4) | 2 (22.2) | 30 (29.4) | 49 (28.5) |
| Finland | 1,658 (21.0) | 144 (24.5) | 78 (31.0) | 40 (17.7) | 2 (22.2) | 24 (23.5) | 54 (31.4) |
| Germany | 525 (6.6) | 48 (8.2) | 20 (7.9) | 10 (4.4) | 1 (11.1) | 17 (16.7) | 25 (14.5) |
| Sweden | 2,303 (29.1) | 194 (32.9) | 81 (32.1) | 78 (34.5) | 4 (44.4) | 31 (30.4) | 44 (25.6) |
| Started probiotics | |||||||
| No or age >365 days | 6,290 (78.5) | 453 (76.9) | 191 (75.8) | 182 (80.5) | 7 (77.8) | 73 (71.6) | 124 (72.1) |
| Yes, age 28–365 days | 1,077 (13.6) | 100 (17.0) | 46 (18.3) | 33 (14.6) | 1 (1.1) | 20 (19.6) | 33 (19.2) |
| Yes, age <28 days | 547 (6.9) | 36 (6.1) | 15 (6.0) | 11 (4.9) | 1 (11.1) | 9 (8.8) | 15 (8.7) |
| Maternal IA | |||||||
| No | 7,702 (97.3) | 568 (96.4) | 243 (96.4) | 220 (97.4) | 8 (88.9) | 97 (95.1) | 162 (94.2) |
| Yes | 212 (2.7) | 21 (3.6) | 9 (3.6) | 6 (2.7) | 1 (11.1) | 5 (4.9) | 10 (5.8) |
| Weight at 12 months, mean z score (SD) | −0.13 (1.02) | 0.00 (1.05) | −0.06 (1.05) | 0.11 (1.09) | 0.03 (1.08) | −0.11 (0.96) | −0.06 (1.05) |
| Child conditions before first clinical visit (age 3 months) | |||||||
| Upper resp. (yes) | 1,857 (23.5) | 144 (24.5) | 68 (27.0) | 47 (20.8) | 3 (33.3) | 26 (26.0) | 50 (29.2) |
| Lower resp. (yes) | 970 (12.3) | 66 (11.2) | 27 (10.7) | 31 (13.9) | 2 (22.2) | 6 (5.9) | 16 (9.4) |
| Diarrhea (yes) | 740 (9.4) | 52 (8.9) | 26 (10.4) | 16 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 10 (9.8) | 14 (8.1) |
| Rash (yes) | 1,804 (22.8) | 126 (21.4) | 55 (21.8) | 42 (18.7) | 2 (22.2) | 27 (26.5) | 27 (15.7) |
| rs689 (INS) | |||||||
| No | 3,721 (53.7) | 381 (65.6) | 182 (73.4) | 120 (53.6) | 8 (88.9) | 71 (71.0) | 116 (72.1) |
| Yes | 3,206 (46.3) | 200 (34.4) | 66 (26.6) | 104 (46.4) | 1 (11.1) | 29 (29.0) | 45 (28.0) |
| rs231775 (CTLA4) | |||||||
| No | 2,176 (31.4) | 174 (30.0) | 80 (32.3) | 56 (25.0) | 3 (33.3) | 35 (35.0) | 46 (28.6) |
| Yes | 4,751 (68.6) | 407 (70.1) | 168 (67.7) | 168 (75.0) | 6 (66.7) | 65 (65.0) | 115 (71.4) |
| rs2476601 (PTPN22) | |||||||
| No | 5,550 (80.1) | 401 (69.1) | 168 (67.7) | 159 (71.3) | 5 (55.6) | 69 (69.0) | 103 (63.9) |
| Yes | 1,376 (19.9) | 179 (30.9) | 80 (32.3) | 64 (28.7) | 4 (44.4) | 31 (31.0) | 58 (26.0) |
| rs2816316 (RGS1) | |||||||
| No | 4,271 (66.9) | 360 (66.5) | 160 (68.7) | 140 (67.3) | 5 (62.5) | 55 (59.8) | 107 (69.9) |
| Yes | 2,110 (33.1) | 181 (33.5) | 73 (31.3) | 68 (32.7) | 3 (37.5) | 37 (40.2) | 46 (30.1) |
| rs10517086 | |||||||
| No | 3,281 (51.4) | 259 (47.9) | 111 (47.6) | 106 (51.0) | 3 (37.5) | 39 (42.4) | 58 (37.9) |
| Yes | 3,100 (48.6) | 282 (52.1) | 122 (52.4) | 102 (49.0) | 5 (62.5) | 53 (57.6) | 95 (62.1) |
| rs4948088 (COBL) | |||||||
| No | 5,801 (90.9) | 508 (93.9) | 221 (94.9) | 192 (92.3) | 8 (100) | 87 (94.6) | 144 (94.1) |
| Yes | 580 (9.1) | 33 (6.1) | 12 (5.1) | 16 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 5 (5.4) | 9 (5.9) |
| rs2292239 (ERBB3) | |||||||
| No | 2,964 (46.5) | 200 (37.0) | 87 (37.3) | 71 (34.1) | 5 (62.5) | 37 (40.2) | 50 (32.7) |
| Yes | 3,417 (53.6) | 341 (63.0) | 146 (62.7) | 137 (65.9) | 3 (37.5) | 55 (59.8) | 103 (67.3) |
| rs3184504 (SH2B3) | |||||||
| No | 2,022 (31.7) | 129 (23.8) | 62 (26.6) | 41 (19.7) | 1 (12.5) | 25 (27.2) | 40 (26.1) |
| Yes | 4,359 (68.3) | 412 (76.2) | 171 (73.4) | 167 (80.3) | 7 (87.5) | 67 (72.8) | 113 (73.9) |
| rs12708716 (CLEC16A) | |||||||
| No | 2,788 (43.8) | 263 (48.6) | 105 (45.1) | 104 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) | 50 (54.4) | 74 (48.4) |
| Yes | 3,577 (56.2) | 278 (51.4) | 128 (54.9) | 104 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) | 42 (45.7) | 79 (51.6) |
Data are N (%) unless otherwise indicated. Lower resp., lower-respiratory infection; Upper resp., upper-respiratory infection.