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. 2017 Aug 21;7:9007. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08444-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mean adipocyte area (A) and crown-like structure density (CLS number/104 adipocytes, (B)) from lean controls (Ctrls), ND and T2D patient biopses of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) depots before surgery (Baseline). In C and D, the same parameters have been shown in subcutaneous adipose tissues from ND and T2D patient biopsies before (Baseline) and post-surgery (1 year after surgery). In (A and B) ^(#)p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test for comparison of ND and T2D vs Ctrls; ^(§)p < 0.05 by Mann Whitney U test for comparison of T2D vs ND; and ^(*)p < 0.05 by Wilcoxon sign rank test to compare VAT vs SAT in each group. In C and D ^(*)p < 0.05 for the changes at 1 year vs baseline by Wilcoxon sign rank test.