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. 2017 Aug 21;8:949. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00949

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Copyright © 2017 Tristão, Rocha, Carlos, Ketelut-Carneiro, Souza, Milanezi and Silva.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Macrophage-derived IL-6 improves Th17 differentiation during virulent yeast strain 18 of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18) experimental infection. (A) Splenocytes from C57BL/6 mice were isolated and cultivated in the presence of or not of viable Pb18 yeasts cells during 5 days, and the frequency of IL-6-producing F4/80⁺ macrophages was analyzed by flow cytometry. (B,C) Bone marrow-derived macrophages were differentiated from C57BL/6 and IL-6^−/− mice and co-cultured with naive T CD4⁺ cells from C57BL/6 wild-type mice in the presence of or not of Pb18 yeast cells (multiplicity of infection of 0.04) during 5 days. Next, the frequency (B) and absolute number (C) of Th17 (CD4⁺IL-17A⁺) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments. Data represent the mean ± SEM of five mice. *p < 0.05 compared with C57BL/6 mice.