Table 3.

Detail of simulation inputs and outputs

Study name	Source of arrival rates	Source of activity duration	Source of activity progression	Source of resources use	Changes considered	Outcomes considered	Validation	Stakeholder input
Anagnostou et al 21	Not described	Not described	Not described	Not described	None	Waiting times	None	None
Au-Yeung et al 22	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	Primary; expert opinion	Primary	ED patient flow	Waiting times	Data led	Model specification
Baboolal et al 23	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	Primary	Primary	Resources	Waiting times*; resources	Face Dark world model	Model specification
Bowers et al 24	Primary	Primary	Primary	Not described	None	Resources*	Data led Face	Model specification
Brailsford et al 10	Primary	Secondary	Not described	Primary	ED patient flow; arrival rates	Waiting times	Data led Face	Study question; model specification
Coats and Michalis25	Primary	Primary	Not described	Not described	Shift patterns	Waiting times*	Data led	None
Codrington-Virtue et al 26	Primary	Not described	Not described	Not described	None	Resources	None	None
Codrington-Virtue et al 27	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	None	Waiting times	Data led	None
Coughlan et al 28	Primary	Not described	Primary	Primary	Resources	Waiting times*; resources	Data led	None
Davies29	Primary	Primary	Primary	Primary	ED patient flow	Waiting times*	None	None
Eatock et al 11	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	Primary; expert opinion	Primary	None	Waiting times*	Data led	None
Fletcher et al 12	Primary	Secondary; expert opinion	Primary	Primary	ED patient flow; resources; demand	Waiting times*; resources	Data led Face	Study question; model specification
Günal and Pidd13	Primary	Not described	Not described	Not described	None	Waiting times*	None	None
Günal and Pidd30	Primary	Primary	Primary	Not described	ED patient flow; resources	Waiting times*	Data led	Model specification
Hay et al 31	Primary	Not described	Not described	Not described	None	Waiting times*	Data led	None
Komashie and Mousavi32	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	Primary; expert opinion	Primary; expert opinion	ED structure; resources	Waiting times; resources	Data led Face	Study question; model specification
Lane et al 33	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	Expert opinion	Primary	Resources; demand	Waiting times; resources; elective cancellations	Data led Face	Study question; model specification
Lattimer et al 14	Primary	Primary	Primary	Primary	ED structure; admission rates	Bed occupancy	Data led Face	Study question; model specification
Maull et al 34	Primary	Primary; expert opinion	Primary	Not described	ED patient flow	Waiting times*	Data led	Result implementation
Meng and Spedding35	Primary	Primary	Not described	Not described	ED structure; resources	Waiting times; resources	Data led Face	Study question; model specification
Mould et al 36	Primary	Primary	Primary	Not described	Resources	Waiting times*; resources	Data led	Study question; model specification; result implementation

*These studies used 4-hour target breach as part of their waiting time considerations.

ED, emergency department.