Table 1.

Participant characteristics

	Overall (N = 10 092)	Missing data (n)a	Men (n = 4796)	Women (n = 5296)	P
Age (years), mean ± SDb	73.6 ± 5.6	—	73.7 ± 5.6	73.6 ± 5.6	0.114
Age groups, n (%)
65–69 years	2389 (23.7%)	—	1101 (23.0%)	1288 (24.3%)	0.108
70–74 years	3642 (36.1%)	—	1759 (36.7%)	1883 (35.6%)	0.241
75–79 years	2509 (24.9%)	—	1161 (24.2%)	1348 (25.5%)	0.148
80–84 years	1177 (11.7%)	—	588 (12.3%)	589 (11.1%)	0.075
85 years and older	375 (3.7%)	—	187 (3.9%)	188 (3.5%)	0.354
Medical diagnoses, n (%)
Hypertension	4642 (46.0%)	2	2289 (47.7%)	2353 (44.5%)	0.002
Heart disease	1730 (17.2%)	13	975 (20.4%)	755 (14.3%)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	1287 (12.8%)	3	765 (16.0%)	522 (9.9%)	<0.001
Osteoporosis	1357 (13.5%)	5	84 (1.8%)	1,273 (24.1%)	<0.001
Arthritis	1828 (18.2%)	18	509 (10.6%)	1,319 (25.0%)	<0.001
Prescribed medications (n), mean ± SD	2.6 ± 2.6	27	2.6 ± 2.6	2.7 ± 2.5	0.026
Education (years), mean ± SD	11.7 ± 2.2	12	12.3 ± 2.8	11.2 ± 2.2	<0.001
Living alone, n (%)	1241 (12.3%)	22	285 (6.0%)	956 (18.1%)	<0.001
Physical performance measures
Grip strength (kg), mean ± SD	26.6 ± 7.8	291	32.8 ± 6.1	20.9 ± 4.1	<0.001
Five‐times‐sit‐to‐stand test (s), mean ± SD	8.93 ± 3.06	395	8.80 ± 2.84	9.04 ± 3.24	<0.001
Walking speed (m/s), mean ± SD	1.14 ± 0.23	28	1.14 ± 0.22	1.14 ± 0.24	0.830
Body composition measures
Height (cm), mean ± SD	156.3 ± 8.7	12	163.3 ± 5.8	150.0 ± 5.6	<0.001
Body weight (kg), mean ± SD	56.8 ± 10.1	52	62.7 ± 8.7	51.5 ± 8.1	<0.001
Fat mass (kg), mean ± SD	15.9 ± 5.8	89	14.6 ± 5.1	17.1 ± 6.1	<0.001
Appendicular muscle mass (kg), mean ± SD	17.1 ± 4.1	89	20.5 ± 2.9	13.9 ± 1.8	<0.001
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	23.2 ± 3.1	52	23.5 ± 2.8	22.9 ± 3.3	<0.001
ASMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	6.9 ± 1.1	89	7.7 ± 0.9	6.2 ± 0.7	<0.001

^a n, number.

^bSD, standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index.

ASMI, appendicular skeletal muscle mass index.

ASMI was derived from the appendicular muscle mass (kg) divided by the square of height (m²).