Table 5.
Effects of beta‐hydroxy‐beta‐methylbutyrate in animal models of muscle wasting
| Study design | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Rats, AH‐130 ascites hepatoma, HMB‐enriched chow for 24 days | ↓ body weight and muscle loss | Aversa et al. 90 |
| Rats, Walker 256 tumour, HMB (320 mg/kg) by p.o. gavage | ↑ survival time | Caperuto et al.91 |
| Mice, MAC 16 tumour, HMB (0.25 g/kg) by p.o. gavage for 4 days | ↓ body weight loss | Mirza et al.85 |
| Rats, Walker 256 tumour, HMB (76 mg/kg) by p.o. gavage for 8 weeks | ↓ tumour weight, ↓ NF‐κB signalling, ↑ glycogen content in liver and muscle | Nunes et al. 92 |
| Mice, MAC 16 tumour, HMB (0.25 g/kg) or EPA (0.6 g/kg), or both by p.o. gavage for 8 days | ↓ muscle protein degradation and proteasome activity in all groups compared to controls, ↑ protein synthesis in HMB group | Smith et al. 14 |
| Rats, endotoxin (5 mg/kg i.p.), HMB (0.5 g/kg) via osmotic pump for 24 hours | ↓ proteolysis and proteasome activity in muscle | Kovarik et al. 15 |
| Rats, monolateral hindlimb immobilization or dexamethasone treatment, leucine (2.7 g/kg/day) or HMB (0.6 g/kg/day) orally for 1, 2, 3 or 7 days | No effect of on muscle mass and fibre cross‐sectional area in both models, ↓ expression of Mafbx/Atrogin after dexamethasone. Leucine had favourable effects on most of the parameters. | Baptista et al. 93 |
| Mice, Duchenne muscular dystrophy model (mdx mice), diet with added creatine, linoleic acid, alpha‐lipoic acid or HMB (individually and in combination) and exercise for 8 weeks | ↓ muscle loss and grip strength fatigue, ↑ grip strength | Payne et al. 94 |
| Rats, dexamethasone and co‐administration of HMB (320 mg/kg/day orally) for 21 days | ↓ the loss of body weight, lean mass and reduction of fibre cross‐sectional area | Girón et al. 89 |
| Rats, co‐administration of dexamethasone and HMB (150 or 600 mg/kg/day orally) for 5 days | ↓ muscle loss and damage and reduction in grip strength, ↓ MuRF1 expression | Noh et al. 95 |
| Mice, calorie restricted (−30%) and exercise, HMB (0.5 g/kg orally) for 6 weeks | Greater grip strength, gastrocnemius mass and fibre cross‐sectional area. No atrogin‐1 expression while elevation in controls. | Park et al.96 |
EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid.