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. 2017 Aug 21;7:8956. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09165-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-21 by cTfh cells. The expression of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-21 by cTfh cells in specimens from HIV-1 infected children and healthy controls after 5 days of culture is shown. Anti-human CD28/CD49d alone (Cos) or anti-human CD28/CD49d together with HBsAg protein (Ag) were added to the cultures. The expression of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-21 among cTfh cells (Figure A–D) in response to HBsAg is shown for 20 healthy controls and 20 HIV-1 infected children at baseline (BL) and for 31 HC and 26 HIV-1 infected children at 1 month (M1) after vaccination. Samples from HC (BL = 4 and M1 = 9) and HIV-1 infected children (BL = 8 and M1 = 10) were used in culture stimulated with the CD28/CD49d complex. ns = not statistical significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001.