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. 2017 Aug 21;7:8395. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08725-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Schematic view of microwave-pulsed non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) impedance system. (b) Optical emission spectra of microwave-pulsed NTAPP with Argon (Ar) gas; Ar emission lines at 650 to 950 nm; OH emission band at 306 to 309 nm; and nitrogen second positive system at 330 to 400 nm. (c) Temperature of deionized water treated with microwave-pulsed NTAPP for different lengths of time. The distance between the upper surface of the solution and the bottom of the plasma plume was 10 mm.