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. 2017 Aug 22;7:9089. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09664-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Thiram suppresses tibial vascular distribution in the hypertrophic chondrocyte zones of AACs. (a) Tibial vascular distribution was significantly inhibited in the Thiram-treated group compared to the control group. The arrows indicate the BVs (blood vessels); TDL, tibial dyschondroplasia lesion; RZ, resting chondrocyte zone; PZ, proliferative chondrocyte zone; HZ, hypertrophic chondrocyte zone; and TB, trabecular bone. Scale bar = 500 µm. (b,c) The relative BV area and number were determined from two isolated groups using Image-Pro® Plus 6.0. Student’s t-test, ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001, n = 6; Error bars indicate SD. ns, not significant. (d) RBC (red blood cell) counts, Hb (hemoglobin) levels and Hct (hematocrit) values were determined for all blood samples. Student’s t-test, ^* p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, n = 6; Error bars indicate SEM. ns, not significant.