Table 4.
Significantly changed urine metabolites (# - VIP plot selected metabolites; * - statistically significant metabolites).
| Metabolites | Percentage difference | Relative Standard Deviation [%] | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NN vs HC | FA vs HC | TC vs HC | FA vs NN | FA vs TC | TC vs NN | P vs HC | HC | NN | FA | TC | P | |
| Amino acids and derivatives | ||||||||||||
| 2-Aminoadipate_[u] | −32.4 | −25.3 | −26.2 | −7.2 | −0.9 | −6.3 | −28.5 | 41.8 | 84.9 | 44.6 | 37.1 | 41.8 |
| 2-Furoylglycine_[u] | 75.9# | 93.8*# | 116.4*# | −21.8 | 31.2 | −52.1 | 93.3* | 89 | 200 | 128 | 105 | 89 |
| Alanine_[u] | 2.5 | 1.6 | −4.8 | 0.8 | −6.5 | 7.3 | −0.3 | 37.8 | 36 | 45 | 32.6 | 37.8 |
| Creatine_[u] | 5.9* | 1 | −6.3 | 4.9 | −7.3 | 12.2 | 0.4 | 48.9 | 59.7 | 50.8 | 70.4 | 48.9 |
| Glycine_[u] | −17.4 | −7.2 | 10.1 | −10.2 | 17.2 | −27.4 | −6.1 | 57.9 | 99.5 | 63.7 | 57.4 | 57.9 |
| Glycylproline_[u] | 10.8 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 3 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 9.3 | 33 | 24.2 | 33.1 | 20.1 | 33 |
| N-Isovaleroylglycine_[u] | −19.2 | 43.9# | −25.9 | −61.8 | −67.9 | 6.8 | −8.9 | 147 | 143 | 45 | 177 | 147 |
| N-Phenylacetylglycine_[u] | 3.6 | −14.4 | −5.7 | 18 | 8.8 | 9.3 | −4.5 | 32.6 | 59.1 | 33.1 | 35 | 32.6 |
| Tyrosine_[u] | 19.7 | 30.5 | −2.4 | −10.9 | 32.8*# | 22.2 | 14.2 | 56.1 | 47.1 | 46.4 | 35.1 | 56.1 |
| Carboxylic acids | ||||||||||||
| 3-Hydroxyisobutyrate_[u] | −20.4 | −40.8 | −56.4 | 20.8# | −16.5 | 37 | −39.4# | 36.5 | 63.1 | 142 | 111 | 36.5 |
| 2-Hydroxyisobutyrate_[u] | −33.8 | −27.2* | −41.1* | −6.8 | −14.3 | 7.5 | −34.7* | 27.5 | 59.2 | 32.8 | 46.3 | 27.5 |
| 2-Phenylpropionate_[u] | 0.2 | −143.5 | −137.9* | 143.7 | 11.2 | 138.0* | −117.2 | 50.9 | 173 | 189 | 162 | 50.9 |
| 3-Hydroxybutyrate_[u] | 72.0* | −78.4*# | −54.2* | 7.4 | 27.1 | −19.7 | −68.4* | 86.3 | 81.1 | 90.2 | 75.4 | 86.3 |
| 3-Hydroxyisovalerate_[u] | 5.8 | 29.2*# | −2.3 | −23.5# | 31.5* | 8.2 | 8.4# | 30.2 | 36.4 | 41.8 | 33.4 | 30.2 |
| 3-Hydroxyphenylacetate_[u] | 49.5 | −21.9 | 16.7 | 69.5*# | 38.3 | 33.5 | 15.9 | 94.8 | 94.6 | 75.8 | 90.1 | 94.8 |
| 3-Methyl-2-oxovalerate_[u] | 28.7 | 42.6*# | 10.3 | −14.3 | −32.6 | 18.5 | 25.4 | 50.5 | 54.1 | 49 | 46.2 | 50.5 |
| Acetate_[u] | −23.2# | −20.2 | −25.5 | −3 | −5.4 | 2.3 | −23.2 | 46.4 | 60.4 | 38.8 | 39.2 | 46.4 |
| Citrate_[u] | −43.8*# | −27.3*# | −46.3*# | −17 | −19.6 | 2.7 | −40.7* | 40.2 | 55.2 | 38.2 | 37.2 | 40.2 |
| Formate_[u] | 14.4 | 7.9 | 1.3 | 6.6 | −6.5 | 13.1 | 8.1 | 69.1 | 72.2 | 56.3 | 53.2 | 69.1 |
| Hippurate_[u] | 67.2 | 2.7 | 29.7 | 64.8 | 27.1 | 39.4 | 34.7 | 134 | 46.1 | 131 | 140 | 134 |
| Lactate_[u] | −18.7# | −12.3 | −9.9 | −6.5 | 2.4 | −8.9 | −14.1 | 37.5 | 51.3 | 43 | 33.8 | 37.5 |
| Methylmalonate_[u] | 37.8 | 24.1 | 0.9 | 14 | −23.3 | 36.9 | 20.5 | 70.7 | 42.7 | 44.4 | 62.8 | 70.7 |
| Trigonelline_[u] | 47.7 | 23.1 | 41.3 | 25.3 | 18.6 | 6.7 | 38.7 | 79.4 | 88.8 | 121 | 72.9 | 79.4 |
| Amines | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Dimethylamine_[u] | 12.5 | 15.1 | 17.7 | −2.6 | 2.7 | −5.3 | 14.9 | 58.6 | 38 | 23.1 | 28.2 | 58.6 |
| TMAO_[u] | 85.2 | 67.7 | 81.7 | 20.5 | 16.3 | 4.2 | 79.3 | 220 | 47.4 | 72.1 | 51.4 | 220 |
| Ketones | ||||||||||||
| Acetone_[u] | −91.2*# | −67.7*# | −58.8*# | −27.8 | 9.9 | −37.4 | −75.8* | 42.3 | 108 | 31.4 | 59.6 | 42.3 |
| Alcohols | ||||||||||||
| Isopropanol_[u] | −74.4 | −58 | −68.8* | −18.4 | −11.9 | −6.5 | −68.6 | 127 | 149 | 95.4 | 92.7 | 127 |
| Monosaccharides | ||||||||||||
| Fucose_[u] | −3.9 | −15.1 | −15.1 | 11.2 | 0 | 11.2 | −10.8# | 43.3 | 44.1 | 33.9 | 52.7 | 43.3 |
| Imidazolinones | ||||||||||||
| Creatinine_[u] | −7.3 | −13.9 | −2.9 | 6.6 | 11 | −4.4 | −7.6# | 23.6 | 28.8 | 27.1 | 24.8 | 23.6 |
| Indoles | ||||||||||||
| 3-Indoxylsulfate_[u] | 10.4 | −24.4 | −25.8# | 34.6# | −1.4 | 36# | −12.5 | 59.9 | 69.3 | 41.8 | 54.8 | 59.9 |
| Pyridines and derivatives | ||||||||||||
| 1-Methylnicotinamide_[u] | 20.1 | 19 | 7.6 | 1.1 | −11.4 | 12.5 | 15.4 | 76.4 | 74.9 | 49.4 | 54.5 | 76.4 |
| Unknown compounds | ||||||||||||
| Unk_1_[u] | −54.2 | −16.2 | 16.8 | −38.8 | 32.7 | −69.4 | −25.4 | 142 | 263 | 149 | 107 | 142 |
| Unk_2_[u] | −50.5 | −74.3* | −61.8 | 26.3# | 14.1 | 12.3 | −61.2 | 70.3 | 144 | 94.4 | 159 | 70.3 |
| Unk_3_[u] | −14.5 | −19.6*# | −21.8* | 5.1 | −2.3 | 7.4 | −18.4* | 21.9 | 29.8 | 16 | 23.3 | 21.9 |
| Unk_4_[u] | −12.7* | −17.9* | −14.5* | 5.2 | 3.4 | 1.8 | −14.7* | 14.8 | 19.1 | 14.4 | 18.3 | 14.8 |
| Unk_5_[u] | −12.5 | −54.8* | −10.3 | 43.1 | 45.1 | −2.1 | −25.1 | 46 | 83.4 | 63.1 | 81.7 | 46 |
| Unk_6_[u] | −17.9 | −10.1 | −40.2 | −7.9 | −30.4 | 22.6 | −24.4 | 67.5 | 114 | 65.9 | 68.2 | 67.5 |
| Unk_7_[u] | −29.7 | −17.4 | −18.9 | −12.5 | −1.5 | −11 | −23 | 58.8 | 62.9 | 46.2 | 34.1 | 58.8 |
| Unk_8_[u] | 23.5 | 42.4 | −1.3 | −19.4 | −43.6 | 24.8 | 18.6 | 80.9 | 105 | 134 | 73.5 | 80.9 |
| Unk_9_[u] | −51.7# | −22 | −36.5# | −30.6 | −14.9 | −15.9 | −39.7 | 58.1 | 78.5 | 64.2 | 56 | 58.1 |
| Unk_10_[u] | −19.2 | −20.0*# | −15.4* | 0.8 | 4.6 | −3.8 | −18.1* | 19.9 | 26.5 | 12 | 18 | 19.9 |
| Unk_11_[u] | 80 | 79.8 | −81.7* | 0.2 | 2.3 | −2.1 | 80.5* | 91.5 | 188 | 188 | 169 | 91.5 |