Table 1. Reference intervals of 17 2D, M-mode and pulsed wave Doppler echocardiographic measurements in 125 healthy adult dairy goats.
| Echocardiographic measurement | Units | Shapiro-Wilk W test p-value |
Descriptive statistics | Reference Interval | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or median (IQR) | Range | Lower limit (CI 90%) | Upper limit (CI 90%) | |||
| LAD | cm | 0.279 | 3.29 (0.41) | 2.30–4.64 | 2.52 (2.30, 2.64) | 4.30 (4.03, 4.64) |
| AoD | cm | 0.052 | 2.71 (0.27) | 1.98–3.64 | 2.23 (1.98, 2.29) | 3.29 (3.11, 3.64) |
| LAD/AoD | 1/1 | 0.019* | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | 0.83–1.76 | 0.96 (0.83, 1.01) | 1.52 (1.45, 1.76) |
| RVIDd | cm | 0.166 | 1.04 (0.36) | 0.27–1.82 | 0.36 (0.27, 0.40) | 1.67 (1.67, 1.82) |
| LVIDd | cm | 0.563 | 4.17 (0.48) | 2.81–5.69 | 3.20 (2.81, 3.34) | 5.16 (4.93, 5.69) |
| LVIDs | cm | 0.869 | 2.48 (0.38) | 1.37–3.66 | 1.77 (1.37, 1.84) | 3.24 (3.10, 3.66) |
| LVPWd | cm | 0.075 | 0.87 (0.17) | 0.48–1.37 | 0.53 (0.48, 0.64) | 1.21 (1.16, 1.37) |
| LVPWs | cm | 0.336 | 1.15 (0.21) | 0.68–1.75 | 0.76 (0.68, 0.83) | 1.59 (1.52, 1.75) |
| IVSd | cm | 0.087 | 0.84 (0.14) | 0.53–1.21 | 0.53 (0.53, 0.61) | 1.14 (1.14, 1.21) |
| IVSs | cm | 0.002* | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 0.61–1.59 | 0.69 (0.61, 0.80) | 1.52 (1.37, 1.59) |
| EPSS | cm | 0.011* | 0.53 (0.46–0.61) | 0.30–0.88 | 0.34 (0.30, 0.38) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.88) |
| LVEF | % | 0.726 | 71.1 (7.4) | 50.8–89.7 | 55.5 (50.8, 59.6) | 85.9 (83.2, 89.7) |
| FS | % | 0.616 | 40.5 (6.3) | 25.9–60.3 | 28.0 (25.9, 31.6) | 53.8 (51.8, 60.3) |
| LVOT Vmax | cm/s | 0.80 | 109 (16) | 73–153 | 79 (73, 84) | 141 (136, 153) |
| LVOT PGmax | mmHg | 0.027* | 4.74 (3.82–5.66) | 2.15–9.33 | 2.52 (2.15, 2.82) | 7.93 (7.35, 9.33) |
| RVOT Vmax | cm/s | 0.759 | 97 (15) | 62–138 | 69 (62, 73) | 127 (121, 138) |
| RVOT PGmax | mmHg | 0.019* | 3.75 (3.00–4.58) | 1.53, 7.62 | 1.94 (1.53, 2.12) | 6.51 (5.84, 7.62) |
* measurements non-normally distributed according to a Shapiro-Wilk W test and therefore described using a median and interquartile range (IQR)