Table 2.
Individual-, Family-, and Neighborhood-Level Drug and Alcohol Exposures for All Adolescent Homicides and Adolescent Firearm Homicides
| Characteristic | Homicides, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| All Adolescent | Adolescent Firearm | |||
|
|
|
|||
| Case (n = 161) | Control (n = 172) | Case (n = 157) | Control (n = 166) | |
| Individual-Level Substance Use | ||||
|
| ||||
| Using alcohol at the time | 14 (8.7) | 10 (5.8) | 13 (8.3) | 10 (6.0) |
|
| ||||
| Using drugs at the time | 26 (16.2) | 8 (4.7) | 26 (16.6) | 8 (4.8) |
|
| ||||
| History of alcohol abuse | 47 (29.2) | 10 (5.8) | 47 (29.9) | 10 (6.0) |
|
| ||||
| History of drug use | 98 (60.9) | 39 (22.7) | 98 (62.4) | 39 (23.5) |
|
| ||||
| Family-Level Substance Use | ||||
|
| ||||
| Caregiver history of frequent alcohol use | 21 (13.0) | 10 (5.8) | 21 (13.4) | 10 (6.0) |
|
| ||||
| Caregiver history of drug use | 46 (28.6) | 11 (6.4) | 45 (28.7) | 11 (6.6) |
|
| ||||
| Neighborhood-Level Substance Use | ||||
|
| ||||
| Alcohol outlet licenses (density/square mile) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Low | 36 (22.4) | 72 (41.9) | 36 (22.9) | 70 (42.2) |
|
| ||||
| Moderate | 61 (37.9) | 46 (26.7) | 59 (37.6) | 44 (26.5) |
|
| ||||
| High | 64 (39.8) | 46 (27.7) | 62 (39.5) | 8 (4.8) |
|
| ||||
| Bars and taverns visible | 12 (7.5) | 7 (4.1) | 12 (7.6) | 6 (3.6) |
|
| ||||
| Beer stores and corner stores visible | 46 (28.6) | 31 (18.0) | 46 (39.3) | 29 (17.5) |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol advertisements visible | 28 (17.4) | 19 (11.1) | 28 (17.8) | 17 (10.2) |
|
| ||||
| Narcotics sales (density/square mile) | ||||
|
| ||||
| Low | 25 (15.5) | 85 (49.4) | 25 (15.9) | 82 (49.4) |
|
| ||||
| Moderate | 59 (36.7) | 51 (29.7) | 50 (30.1) | 50 (30.1) |
|
| ||||
| High | 77 (47.8) | 34 (19.8) | 32 (19.3) | 32 (19.3) |