Table 2.

Summary of HI-RNAi for the control of insect pests.

Source adopted and modified from Navale et al. (2014)

Insect order	Target insect	Target genes	Functions	Gene fragment	Location	Intron	Binary vector	RNAi plant M	Effect of HI-RNAi on the target insect	Off-target effects	References
Lepidoptera	Helicoverpa armigera	Cytochrome 450 monooxygenase CTP6AE14	Degradegossypol and increase tolerance to gossypol	448 bp	Midgut	Arabidopsis RTM gene	pBI121	Arabidopsis thaliana	Enhance gossypol toxicity in larvae, decreased larval weight and size with decrease in target gene transcripts	No off-target effects	Mao et al. (2007)
		GST glutathion transferase	Detoxif ication enzymes	448 bp	Whole insect body	Arabidopsis RTM gene	pBI121	Tobacco	Depletion in transcript level, reduction in larval weight and size	No off-target effects	Mao et al. (2007)
		Cytochrome 450 monooxygenase CTP6AE14	Degradegossypol and increase tolerance to gossypol	448 bp	Midgut	Arabidopsis RTM gene	pBI121	Cotton	Larval growth retarded, insects displayed reduced feeding, down-regulation of target gene transcripts	–	Mao et al. (2011)
		HaHR-3	Molt-regulating transcription factor	>300 bp	Epidermis, midgut and fatbodies	–	pCAMBIA 2300	Tobacco	Incomplete molting, reduction in larval weight, with significant down-regulation of target gene	Predicted similar effect due to conserve gene	Xiong et al. (2013)
		20-Hydroxyecdysone	Role in molting and metmorphosis	482 bp	Gut, fat bodies And ovary	Arabidopsis RTM gene	pBI121	Tobacco	Reduction in larval molting, pupation and adult emergence rate with silencing of target gene	Similar effect on S. exigua due to sequence homology	Zhu et al. (2012)
		Arginine kinase	Play role in role in cellular energymetabolism	1068 bp	Midgut, head and integument	GUS linker fragment	pANDA35HK	Arabidopsis thaliana	Detrimental effects on larval growth and survival, decrease in target gene transcripts	–	Liu et al. (2015)
		1. Chitin synthase 2. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 3. V-ATPase	1. Synthesis of chitin 2. Required for tolerance against gossypol 3. Role in cellular energy production	19 bp	1. Trachea and epidermis and midgut 2. Midgut 3. Whole insect body	9 bp loop	pLD	Tobacco	Reduction in target gene transcript level and reduction in weight, growth and pupation rate	–	Jin et al. (2015)
		Chitinase	Role in molting and metamorphosis	250 bp	Molting fluid	Chalcone synthase (ChaS) gene intron	pMVR-hp	Tobacco and tomato	Detrimental effects on larval growth and survival, decrease in larval and pupal weight, pupation and adult emergence with significant reduction in target gene transcript level	–	Mamta et al. (2016)
	Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte	VATPase -A	Role in cellular energy production	246 bp	Whole insect body	–	pMON 94805	Maize	Reduced feeding and stunted larval growth with decrease in target gene transcripts	No off-target effects	Baum et al. (2007)
	Spodoptera exigua	20-Hydroxyecdysone	Role in molting and metamorphosis	482 bp	Gut, fat bodies and ovary	Arabidopsis RTM gene	pBI121	Tobacco	Partial lethality S. exigua, affected larval molting, pupation and adult emergence	Predicted similar effect due to conserve gene	Zhu et al. (2012)
	Menduca sexta	MsCYP6B46	Nicotine degradation	312 bp	Midgut	–	pSOL8	Tobacco	Decrease in target gene transcripts and no effect on larval weight and survival	–	Kumar et al. (2012)
Hemiptera	Nilaparvata Lugens	1. Hexose transportergene 2. Carboxypeptidase 3. Trypsin like serine protease	1. Transport of glucose 2. And 3 hydrolysis of protein	<600 bp	Midgut	–	pKANNIBAL	Rice	Depletion in the transcript level and no effect on larval survival	–	Zha et al. (2011)
		20-Hydroxyecdysone	Role in molting and metamorphosis	360 bp	Gut, Fat bodies And ovary	pSK-int vector	pCanG-HA	Rice	Depletion in the transcript level, reduction in fecundity	–	Yu et al. (2014)
	Myzus persicae	1. Rack1 2. MpC002	1. Essential in f oraging and feedingof thepea aphid 2. Intracellular receptor	309 bp, 710 bp	1. All parts of aphid body 2. Salivary glands	–	pJawohl8- RNAi	Arabidopsis thaliana	Adversely affected survival rate and decreased fecundity	–	Pitino et al. (2011)
		hunchback(hb)	Play role in insect axial patterning	427 bp	Embryo	–	pUCCRNAi	Tobacco	Reduced Mphb mRNA level in the fed aphids and inhibited insect reproduction	–	Mao and Zeng (2014)
		Serine proteases (SP)	Gutproteolytic digestion	550 bp	Gut	–	pANDA35HK	Arabidopsis thaliana	Significant attenuation of MySP expression and with noticeable reduction in fecundity	No off-target effects	Bhatia et al. (2012)
	Bemisia tabaci	v-ATPase	Encode for v-ATPase subunit A, role in cellular energy production	189 bp	Whole insect body	Arabidopsis RTM gene	pBI101	Tobacco	Depletion in the transcript level and affected insect survival	–	Thakur et al. (2014)
		Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and ecdysone receptor (EcR)	1. Required in signaling 2. Role in molting and metamorphosis	400 bp	1. Whole insect body 2. Gut, fat bodies and ovary	–	pJIT163+pCam bia2300	Tobacco	Silencing of targets gene in chimeric construct produced detrimental effect on survival (appox. 80% mortality) with decrease in target genes transcripts	–	Malik et al. (2016)