Table 2.

Effect of foliar application of CaCl₂ (0.5%), SNP (100 μM), C-PTIO (100 μM), L-NAME (10 μM) and pathogen inoculation alone or in different combinations on the production of defense enzymes, Phenol and flavonoid in leaves of tomato

Enzymes	Control	CaCl2	CaCl2 + L-NAME	CaCl2 + C-PTIO	SNP	CaCl2 + L-NAME + C-PTIO
Peroxidase (PO) [µmol min−1 mg−1 protein]	2.53 ± 0.2c	6.11 ± 0.54b	2.01 ± 0.16cd	1.56 ± 0.28de	6.1 ± 0.43b	1.3 ± 0.2de
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) [U min−1 mg−1 protein]	33.96 ± 4.1c	124.1 ± 16ab	22 ± 6.69c	26.18 ± 5.5c	104.96 ± 13.62b	19.14 ± 3.51c
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) [nmol of transcinnamic acid min−1 g−1 protein]	114.35 ± 9.9c	224.79 ± 16.43a	90.22 ± 10.29d	74.69 ± 6.31de	192.28 ± 12.23b	48.09 ± 9.07f
β-1,3-glucanase [µmol glucose produced min−1 g−1 protein]	28.8 ± 5.33c	88.51 ± 11.88a	26.21 ± 6.67c	20.71 ± 4.29c	66.37 ± 11.83b	17.52 ± 2.09c
Chitinase [µmol glucose equivalent released min−1 g−1 protein]	0.85 ± 0.05d	2.37 ± 0.24b	0.62 ± 0.08de	0.53 ± 0.14e	2.08 ± 0.09c	0.38 ± 0.06e
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) [µmol min−1 g−1 protein]	0.18 ± 0.01c	0.69 ± 0.03b	0.15 ± 0.03cd	0.12 ± 0.02cd	0.85 ± 0.05a	0.11 ± 0.03d
Catalase (CAT) [nmol min−1 g−1 protein]	6.66 ± 0.25c	10.34 ± 1.1b	4.86 ± 0.53d	3.97 ± 0.64d	12.27 ± 0.68a	3.35 ± 0.35d
Total phenol [μg gallic acid produced g−1 tissue]	283.43 ± 35.19b	564.11 ± 41.98a	210.15 ± 13.24bc	157.36 ± 15.71c	550.74 ± 43.14a	225.38 ± 61.81bc
Total flavonoid[mg g−1 of the tissue]	740.73 ± 87.2c	1254.01 ± 12.79b	474.42 ± 85.53d	425.96 ± 59.73de	1381.17 ± 128.25b	327.66 ± 30.88e

Values represent mean ± SE of three separate experiments, each in triplicate

CaCl ₂ Calcium chloride, SNP sodium nitroprusside, C-PTIO 2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide, L-NAME NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester

Different letters within the row indicate significant difference (p < 0.05) from the control set using Duncan’s multiple range test. Same letter within the row denotes no significant difference between the groups