FIGURE 3.

The empirical power of the approximate F-distributed tests of the additive models of MANOVA (1) and MFLM (7) using B-spline basis based on Pillai-Bartlett trace and GAMuT at α = 0.01, when some variants are common and the rest are rare, the constant k = 3.0, 20%/80% causal variants have negative/positive effects for each of three traits, and 5% variants are causal. The order of B-spline basis was 4, and the number of B-spline basis functions was K = K_β = 15