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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 23.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Med. 2015 Oct 30;129(3):315–23.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.012

Table 2.

Univariate analysis of baseline characteristics, procedural risk factors, and long-term mortality

Death (n=111) No Death (n=2939) Univariate Analysis
Odds Ratio (95% CI) P value
Age (yr), mean 69.71 ± 15.4 60.51 ± 13.0 1.06 (1.04,1.08) <0.001
Female 54 (48.6) 1752 (59.6) 0.64 (0.44,0.94) 0.014
Race
 White 82 (73.9) 1904 (64.8) 1
 Black 8 (7.2) 425 (14.5) 0.44 (0.21,0.91) 0.03
 Hispanic 12 (10.8) 402 (13.7) 0.69 (0.38,1.28) 0.39
 Other 9 (8.1) 208 (7.1) 1.01 (0.50, 2.03) 0.68
Admission Type
 Elective 65 (58.6) 2811 (95.6) 1
 Emergency or Urgent Surgery 46 (41.4) 128 (4.4) 15.54 (10.24, 23.59) <0.001
Procedure
 Spine 50 (45.0) 1094 (37.2) 1
 Knee 19 (17.1) 973 (33.1) 0.43 (0.25, 0.73) 0.002
 Hip 42 (37.8) 872 (29.7) 1.05 (0.69, 1.60) 0.81
RCRI Score
 Coronary artery disease 27 (24.3) 299 (10.2) 2.84 (1.81,4.45) <0.001
 Heart Failure 18 (16.2) 68 (2.3) 8.17 (4.67,14.29) <0.001
 Stroke/Transient ischemic attack 2 (1.8) 16 (0.5) 3.35 (0.76,14.7) 0.14
 Creatinine > 2 mg/dL 3 (2.7) 12 (0.4) 6.95 (1.93,25.08) 0.015
 Diabetes Mellitus 26 (23.4) 419 (14.3) 1.84 (1.17,2.90) 0.01
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 11.9 ± 1.9 13.5 ± 1.5 0.53 (0.47 – 0.60) <0.001
Pre-Operative Anemia
 None 38 (40.0%) 2147 (81.7%) 1
 Mild Anemia 27 (28.4%) 373 (14.2%) 4.09 (2.47–6.78) <0.001
 Moderate Anemia 25 (26.3%) 96 (3.7%) 14.71 (8.54–25.36) <0.001
 Severe Anemia 5 (5.3%) 11 (0.4%) 25.68 (8.51–77.52) <0.001
 Baseline Hgb Not Available 16 (14.4%) 312 (10.6%)
Blood Transfusion (any) 71 (64.0) 695 (23.6) 5.57 (3.78 – 8.20) <0.001
Blood Transfusion (within 48 hours of surgery)
 None 51 (45.9) 2414 (81.4) 1
 1U Packed Red Blood Cells 21 (18.9) 198 (6.7) 4.87 (2.93 – 8.09) <0.001
 2U Packed Red Blood Cells 15 (13.5) 173 (5.9) 4.00 (2.25 – 7.11) <0.001
 3+U Packed Red Blood Cells 24 (21.6) 179 (6.0) 6.10 (3.75 – 9.90) <0.001
 Hemorrhage (ICD9 Coded) 7 (6.3) 26 (0.9) 7.27 (3.38 – 15.64) <0.001