Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the NHANES 2001–2006 pediatric cohort and associations with 25-hydroxyvitamin D and albuminuria

Variable	No of participants	25-hydroxyvitamin D (ng/ml) Mean (95% CI)	p-value	Albuminuria prevalence* percent (95% CI)	p-value
All participants	8,789	25.0 (24.3–25.7)		12.8 (11.7–13.9)
Age
6–11 years old	2,683	26.6 (25.8–27.4)		13.6 (11.9–15.3)
12–19 years old	6,106	23.9 (23.2–24.7)		12.3 (11.0–13.6)
			<.0001		<.0001
Sex
Female	4,402	24.4 (23.7–25.1)		17.7 (16.0–19.3)
Male	4,387	25.6 (24.8–26.3)		8.2 (7.0–9.5)
			<.0001		<.0001
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	2,386	28.0 (27.3–28.8)		13.7 (12.0–15.4)
Non-Hispanic black	2,918	17.0 (16.3–17.8)		10.5 (8.9–12.1)
Hispanic	3,098	22.3 (21.7–22.9)		12.7 (10.9–14.5)
Other	387	22.3 (20.9–23.7)		9.9 (6.3–13.4)
			<.0001		0.019
Body Mass Index
Normal	5,556	26.0 (25.3–26.7)		15.3 (13.9–16.7)
Overweight	1,437	24.4 (23.5–25.2)		10.7 (8.5–13.0)
Obese	1,725	21.9 (21.2–22.6)		5.5 (3.9–7.1)
			<.0001		<.0001
Diabetes
No	8,738	25.0 (24.3–25.7)		12.8 (11.7–13.9)
Yes	51	22.9 (20.4–25.5)		12.1 (0.9–23.2)
			0.099		0.901
Blood pressure
Normal	7,148	24.7 (24.0–25.4)		12.6 (11.4–13.8)
Pre-Hypertension	325	24.7 (23.0–26.4)		13.2 (7.6–18.7)
Hypertension	205	22.3 (20.0–24.6)		21.0 (12.4–29.7)
			0.098		0.037

Values are expressed as means or prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) in parentheses and are weighed to NHANES sampling distributions.

^*Albuminuria is defined as an albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥30 mg/g. To convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D in ng/mL to nmol/L, multiply by 2.496. BMI categories: normal is < 85^th percentile, overweight is 85- 94^th percentile, obese is ≥ 95^th percentile. BP categories: normal is SBP and DBP <90^th percentile, pre-Hypertension is SBP or DBP ≥ 90^th percentile but <95^th percentile, Hypertension is ≥ 95^th percentile