EXHIBIT 2.
Characteristics of the study population
| Black | Hispanic | White | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Beneficiary Characteristics | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| Age (Mean Years) | 69.3 | 4.7 | 70.7 | 3.6 | 74.0 | 2.7 |
| Female (%) | 58.1 | 6.0 | 53.7 | 7.0 | 55.8 | 5.6 |
| Income (Median Household $) | 44,553.2 | 804.7 | 50,079.4 | 982.7 | 56,580.1 | 558.5 |
| Disability (%) | 36.4 | 14.0 | 26.3 | 11.2 | 15.3 | 6.9 |
| Medicaid (%) | 40.3 | 7.8 | 51.9 | 8.3 | 13.1 | 3.6 |
| Risk Score (Mean) | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 |
| Outpatient Visits (Mean N) | 9.8 | 2.3 | 10.6 | 2.6 | 10.8 | 1.8 |
| Outpatient Visits to Primary Care (%) | 46.9 | 2.3 | 46.3 | 2.1 | 42.8 | 2.3 |
Sources/Notes: SOURCES Authors’ analysis of 2006–11 Medicare administrative data and 2006–10 American Community Survey data. NOTES Reported values for beneficiary characteristics reflect mean across populations for each of the 11 low-value care measures, weighted by the person-years included in each measure cohort. The weighted standard deviation across the 11 measures is in parentheses. Income reflects median household income in beneficiary’s ZIP code of residence. Risk score calculated using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hierarchical Condition Categories. Proportion female does not include sex-specific measures (BPH imaging, cervical cancer screening, and DXA testing).