Table 3.

GRADE evidence profile for family-level domains

Domain	Number of studies	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Effect size	Quality	Comments
Family cohesion (positive)	12	No serious risk	No serious inconsistency	Small-large	Moderate	Rated up due to evidence of a dose-gradient effect
Low family SES	8	No serious risk	Serious inconsistency	Inconsistent	Very low	Rated down due to inconsistent findings
Atypical family structure	6	No serious risk	No serious inconsistency	Negligible-small	Moderate	Rated up due to control of confounding factors
Caregiver mental health/behaviour (negative)	8	No serious risk	No serious inconsistency	Small-large	Moderate	Rated up due to control of confounding factors
Family cohesion (negative)	6	No serious risk	No serious inconsistency	Medium-large	High	Rated up due to medium-large effect sizes and a dose-gradient effect

GRADE Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation; SES Socioeconomic Status