Table 2.
Significant D-statistics (Z-score > 3 and p < 0.0001) for different combination of three goose species
| P1 | P2 | P3 | D-statistics | Z-score |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRANTA | ||||
| Barnacle Goose | Cackling Goose | Canada Goose | 0.087 | 4.322 |
| Barnacle Goose | Cackling Goose | Red-breasted Goose | 0.146 | 6.022 |
| Barnacle Goose | Cackling Goose | Black Brent | 0.094 | 3.516 |
| Barnacle Goose | Canada Goose | Red-breasted Goose | 0.1 | 4.037 |
| Barnacle Goose | Hawaii Goose | Red-breasted Goose | 0.094 | 4.192 |
| Barnacle Goose | Black Brent | Red-breasted Goose | 0.073 | 3.022 |
| ANSER | ||||
| Lesser White-fronted | Greater White-fronted | Pink-footed Goose | 0.126 | 6.116 |
| Taiga Bean Goose | 0.09 | 4.413 | ||
| Pink-footed Goose | Greater White-fronted | Emperor Goose | 0.088 | 3.701 |
| Tundra Bean Goose | 0.079 | 3.383 | ||
| Taiga Bean Goose | 0.128 | 5.457 | ||
| Greylag Goose | 0.079 | 3.537 | ||
| Taiga Bean Goose | Greater White-fronted | Bar-headed Goose | 0.083 | 3.470 |
| Greater White-fronted | Lesser White-fronted | Swan Goose | 0.114 | 5.279 |
| Pink-footed Goose | 0.15 | 6.821 | ||
| Tundra Bean Goose | 0.16 | 8.15 | ||
| Taiga Bean Goose | 0.173 | 8.385 | ||
| Greater White-fronted | Lesser White-fronted | Ross’ Goose | 0.104 | 5.325 |
| Pink-footed Goose | 0.12 | 5.421 | ||
| Tundra Bean Goose | 0.103 | 4.682 | ||
| Taiga Bean Goose | 0.083 | 3.93 | ||
| Swan Goose | 0.103 | 3.984 | ||
| Emperor Goose | 0.102 | 4.51 | ||
| Greater White-fronted | Lesser White-fronted | Snow Goose | 0.165 | 7.336 |
| Pink-footed Goose | 0.174 | 7.032 | ||
| Tundra Bean Goose | 0.157 | 7.053 | ||
| Taiga Bean Goose | 0.137 | 6.224 | ||
| Swan Goose | 0.156 | 6.525 | ||
| Greylag Goose | 0.086 | 4.054 | ||
| Emperor Goose | 0.14 | 6.007 | ||
| Pink-footed Goose | Lesser White-fronted | Emperor Goose | 0.076 | 3.164 |
| Tundra Bean Goose | 0.07 | 3.0 | ||
| Taiga Bean Goose | 0.12 | 5.419 | ||
| Greylag Goose | 0.078 | 3.472 | ||
| Taiga Bean Goose | Pink-footed Goose | Bar-headed Goose | 0.082 | 3.436 |
| Greater White-fronted | Greylag Goose | Ross’ Goose | 0.087 | 3.719 |
| Pink-footed Goose | 0.107 | 4.496 | ||
| Tundra Bean Goose | 0.086 | 3.408 | ||
| Swan Goose | 0.084 | 3.049 | ||
| Emperor Goose | 0.163 | 6.67 | ||
| Greater White-fronted | Greylag Goose | Snow Goose | 0.072 | 3.055 |
| Pink-footed Goose | 0.091 | 3.416 | ||
| Emperor Goose | 0.139 | 5.59 | ||
| Emperor Goose | Tundra Bean Goose | Ross’ Goose | 0.078 | 3.692 |
| Emperor Goose | Tundra Bean Goose | Snow Goose | 0.074 | 3.317 |
| Emperor Goose | Taiga Bean Goose | Ross’ Goose | 0.139 | 6.346 |
| Emperor Goose | Taiga Bean Goose | Snow Goose | 0.139 | 6.655 |
| Taiga Bean Goose | Greylag Goose | Bar-headed Goose | 0.09 | 4.059 |
Asymmetric gene flow is between P2 and P3. The outgroup for Branta species was a consensus sequence based on all Anser species, while the outgroup for Anser species was a consensus sequence based on all Branta species