Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the trials included in the meta-analysis.

Study/Year	No. Patients	Male/female	Type of HIE			Main intervention		Treatment	Outcome	Follow-up
	(GM1/Con)	(GM1/Con)	Mild	Moderate	Severe	GM1 Group	Control group	Duration	Measures	(months)
Xiang JJ et al 2005 [15]	36/30	20/16 17/13	—	38	28	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	7–14 days	①+②+③+④+⑦	12 months
Lu YD et al 2008 [16]	44/42	29/15 28/14	—	58	28	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	20–28 days	⑤+⑥+⑦	12 months
Sun YF 2009 [17]	46/43	NP	—	NP	NP	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	20 days	①+⑦	6 months
Zeng L 2009 [18]	40/40	23/17 23/17	—	30	50	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	7 days	①	12 months
Zhang ZY et al 2009 [19]	43/40	21/22 18/22	42	33	8	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + citicoline + UT	Citicoline + citicoline + UT	20–30 days	①+⑤+⑥+⑦	6 months
Zhang B et al 2010 [20]	42/40	23/19 21/19	—	58	24	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	14 days	⑤+⑥+⑦	12 months
Yin FM et al 2010 [21]	31/30	18/13 17/13	—	34	27	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	20 days	⑤+⑥+⑦	4 months
Shi WH 2013 [22]	46/46	NP	—	42	50	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	30–60 days	②+③+④	15 months
Zhang JJ 2013 [23]	36/34	19/17 18/16	37	28	5	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + UT	UT	14 days	①+②+③	12 months
Jiang L 2014 [24]	39/39	21/18 22/17	17	33	28	GM1 20g/d, qd, IV drop + citicoline + UT	Citicoline + citicoline + UT	14 days	①+②+③	12 months

Abbreviations: Con, control; NBNA, neonatal behavioral neurological assessment; HIE, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; NP, not provided; UT, usual therapy; FDP, fructose-1,6-diphosphate GM₁, monosialotetrahexosylganglioside; IV, intravenous injection. ①Major neurological disability; ②Cerebral palsy; ③Mental retardation; ④Epilepsy; ⑤Mental development index; ⑥Psychomotive development index; ⑦Neonatal behavioral neurological assessment.