Table 1. The clinical characteristics of study subjects stratified by CKD stages.
| Entire Cohort (n = 161) |
CKD stage 1–3 (n = 65) |
CKD stage 4–5 (n = 96) |
P-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Age, year | 67.2±7.8 | 67.7±7.8 | 66.8±7.8 | 0.48 |
| Sex (male), n% | 87(54.0) | 38(58.5) | 49(51.0) | 0.35 |
| Smoke (yes), n% | 46(28.6) | 19(29.2) | 27(28.1) | 0.87 |
| Alcohol (yes), n% | 29(18.0) | 12(18.5) | 17(17.7) | 0.90 |
| Marriage (yes), n% | 132(82.0) | 53(81.5) | 79(82.3) | 0.90 |
| Religion (yes), n% | 135(90.0) | 53(86.9) | 82(92.1) | 0.29 |
| Occupation (yes), n% | 50(31.1) | 17(26.2) | 33(34.4) | 0.26 |
| Education | ||||
| (senior high school or above) | 83(51.6) | 38(58.5) | 45(46.9) | 0.15 |
| Cardiovascular disease (yes), n% | 24(15.0) | 6(9.2) | 18(18.9) | 0.09 |
| Diabetes (yes), n% | 60(37.3) | 18(27.7) | 42(43.8) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension (yes), n% | 114(70.8) | 37(56.9) | 77(80.2) | 0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (yes), n% | 66(41.0) | 20(30.8) | 46(47.9) | 0.03 |
| Gout (yes), n% | 28(17.4) | 10(15.4) | 18(18.8) | 0.58 |
| Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 24.4±3.8 | 24.4±4.0 | 24.3±3.8 | 0.82 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| 2-minute step | 105(92,115) | 106(94,120) | 104(90,112) | 0.16 |
| Handgrip strength, kgf | 26.9±7.7 | 28.0±7.5 | 26.1±7.8 | 0.12 |
| 30-second chair stand | 11.2±3.1 | 11.9±3.5 | 10.7±2.8 | 0.02 |
| Questionnaires of exercise capacity | 0.005 | |||
| No exercise (yes), n% | 8(5.0) | 2(3.1) | 6(6.3) | |
| Low activity (yes), n% | 113(70.2) | 45(69.2) | 68(70.8) | |
| Middle+High activity (yes), n% | 40(24.8) | 21(32.3) | 19(19.8) | |
| Medications | ||||
| β-blocker (yes), n% | 28(17.4) | 9(13.8) | 19(19.8) | 0.32 |
| Calcium channel blocker (yes), n% | 69(42.9) | 15(23.1) | 54(56.3) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB (yes), n% | 52(32.3) | 10(15.4) | 42(43.8) | <0.001 |
| Lipitor (yes), n% | 33(20.5) | 10(15.4) | 23(24.0) | 0.18 |
| Quality of life | ||||
| Total score | 52.3±5.3 | 53.2±5.2 | 51.4±5.2 | 0.03 |
| Physical domain | 11.9±1.5 | 12.1±1.5 | 11.7±1.5 | 0.14 |
| Psychological domain | 12.6±1.7 | 12.8±1.7 | 12.3±1.7 | 0.05 |
| Social domain | 13.2±2.0 | 13.5±2.1 | 12.9±2.0 | 0.05 |
| Environment domain | 14.7±1.5 | 14.8±1.5 | 14.6±1.4 | 0.25 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Blood urea nitrogen, mg/dl | 33.5(21.4,55.3) | 19.7(14.7,23.8) | 48.4(34.2,65.3) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 3.1±2.4 | 1.2±0.5 | 4.3±2.3 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 | 34.5±28.8 | 62.2±26.1 | 15.7±7.7 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.0±2.0 | 12.5±1.8 | 10.5±1.8 | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dl | 4.2±0.3 | 4.3±0.4 | 4.2±0.4 | 0.18 |
| Phosphate, mg/dl | 4.1(3.5,4.6) | 3.6(3.2,3.9) | 4.3(3.9,4.8) | <0.001 |
| Calcium, meq/L | 9.1±0.6 | 9.3±0.4 | 9.0±0.6 | 0.03 |
| Sodium, meq/L | 139.0±2.6 | 139.7±2.0 | 138.6±2.8 | 0.01 |
| Potassium, meq/L | 4.2±0.5 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.3±0.5 | 0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 185.9±35.6 | 186.5±32.7 | 185.4±37.7 | 0.84 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 117.0(82.0,159.0) | 115.1(81.0,144.5) | 120.0(81.5,167.0) | 0.23 |
| Urine protein-creatinine ratio, g/g | 0.8(0.3,1.6) | 0.2(0.1,0.5) | 1.0(0.5,1.7) | <0.001 |
Notes: Data are expressed as number (percentage) for categorical variables and mean±SD or median (25th, 75th percentile) for continuous variables, as appropriate.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate