Table 1. Differences between cannabis users and non-users by sex.
| Male | Female | Gender comparison | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cannabis users | Non-users | Cannabis users | Non-users | Cannabis users | ||||||||||
| N | Mean (SD/%) | N | Mean (SD/%) | p value | Effect size | N | Mean (SD/%) | N | Mean (SD/%) | p value | Effect size | P value | Effect size | |
| SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES | ||||||||||||||
| Age, years | 186 | 24.84 (5.59) | 125 | 31.42 (9.54) | p<0.001** | -0.840 | 50 | 27.01 (8.14) | 188 | 35.37 (10.25) | p<0.001** | -0.903 | p = 0.206 | -0.309 |
| Years of education | 184 | 8.95 (2.68) | 123 | 10.12 (3.29) | p = 0.002** | -0.387 | 50 | 10.60 (3.51) | 180 | 11.19 (3.18) | p = 0.243 | -0.153 | p = 0.002** | -0.550 |
| Familyhistory of psychosis | 186 | 38 (20.43%) | 124 | 30 (24.19%) | p = 0.433 | 50 | 15 (30%) | 187 | 44 (23.52%) | p = 0.347 | p<0.150 | |||
| Hospitalization | 186 | 135 (72.58%) | 125 | 91 (72.8%) | p = 0.966 | 50 | 32 (64%) | 187 | 121 (64.70%) | p = 0.926 | p<0.236 | |||
| Low socio-economic status | 179 | 98 (54.74%) | 121 | 62 (51.23%) | p = 0.550 | 49 | 23 (46.93%) | 182 | 99 (54.39%) | p = 0.353 | p<0.332 | |||
| Urbanarea | 183 | 133 (72.67%) | 124 | 84 (67.74%) | p = 0.351 | 50 | 37 (74%) | 183 | 132 (72.13%) | p = 0.793 | p<0.852 | |||
| Living withparents | 184 | 119 (64.67%) | 124 | 70 (56.45%) | p = 0.146 | 50 | 16 (32%) | 185 | 68 (36.75%) | p = 0.533 | p<0.001** | |||
| Unmarried | 185 | 169 (91.35%) | 125 | 100 (80%) | p = 0.004** | 49 | 33 (67.34%) | 185 | 95 (51.35%) | p = 0.045* | p<0.001** | |||
| Unemployed | 184 | 93 (50.54%) | 124 | 59 (47.58%) | p = 0.610 | 50 | 18 (36%) | 185 | 65 (35.13%) | p = 0.910 | p<0.068 | |||
| Age of cannabis use onset (years) | 164 | 16.93 (4.10) | 46 | 18.48 (5.42) | p = 0.10 | -0.322 | ||||||||
| Duration of cannabis use | 151 | 8.06 (4.76) | 42 | 8.02 (6.76) | p = 0.962 | 0.007 | ||||||||
| Amount (joints/week) | 160 | 27.68 (24.59) | 43 | 18.26 (17.69) | p = 0.004** | 0.439 | ||||||||
| CLINICAL VARIABLES | ||||||||||||||
| DUI (months) | 177 | 18.77 (22.37) | 113 | 27.86 (44.16) | p = 0.206 | -0.259 | 49 | 14.43 (40.16) | 175 | 23.23 (41.35) | p = 0.242 | -0.215 | p = 0.025* | 0.133 |
| DUP (months) | 185 | 8.61 (12.33) | 120 | 16.08 (32.44) | p = 0.091 | -0.304 | 49 | 3.73 (4.94) | 182 | 16.48 (37.41) | p = 0.421 | -0.477 | p = 0.035* | 0.522 |
| SAPS | 186 | 14.41 (4.20) | 125 | 13.32 (4.43) | p = 0.018* | 0.252 | 50 | 13.84 (5.01) | 187 | 13.40 (4.45) | p = 0.542 | 0.092 | p = 0.464 | 0.123 |
| SANS | 184 | 6.82 (6.34) | 125 | 7.54 (6.69) | p = 0.368 | -0.110 | 50 | 6.34 (5.51) | 185 | 5.83 (5.74) | p = 0.242 | 0.090 | p = 0.980 | 0.080 |
| Psychoticdimension | 186 | 7.71 (2.39) | 125 | 7.55 (2.52) | p = 0.483 | 0.064 | 50 | 7.30 (2.38) | 187 | 7.03 (2.51) | p = 0.608 | 0.110 | p = 0.211 | 0.171 |
| Negativedimension | 186 | 4.92 (5.71) | 125 | 5.95 (5.99) | p = 0.064 | 0.064 | 50 | 4.10 (5.16) | 187 | 4.05 (5.32) | p = 0.596 | 0.009 | p = 0.547 | 0.150 |
| Disorganizeddimension | 186 | 6.70 (3.40) | 125 | 5.77 (3.39) | p = 0.008** | -0.175 | 50 | 6.54 (3.60) | 187 | 6.36 (6.60) | p = 0.425 | 0.049 | p = 0.916 | 0.045 |
| DAS | 168 | 1.32 (1.52) | 115 | 1.93 (1.59) | p = 0.001** | 0.273 | 45 | 1.31 (1.32) | 167 | 1.17 (1.42) | p = 0.335 | 0.101 | p = 0.697 | 0.007 |
| GAF | 109 | 52.11 (32.16) | 81 | 43.79 (28.67) | p = 0.109 | -0.390 | 34 | 55.35 (29.89) | 123 | 61.36 (31.93) | p = 0.345 | -0.194 | p = 0.457 | -0.104 |
| CDDS | 185 | 2.21 (3.31) | 125 | 2.14 (2.98) | p = 0.984 | 0.273 | 50 | 2.18 (3.01) | 187 | 2.39 (3.29) | p = 0.641 | -0.066 | p = 0.743 | 0.009 |
| Schizophrenia diagnosis | 186 | 98 (52.68%) | 125 | 77 (61.6%) | p = 0.120 | 50 | 21 (42%) | 188 | 82 (43.61%) | p = 0.837 | p<0.180 | |||
| SUMD: insight mental illness | 167 | 60 (35.92%) | 113 | 52 (46.01%) | p = 0.091 | 45 | 19 (42.22%) | 170 | 83 (48.82%) | p = 0.430 | p<0.438 | |||
| NEUROCOGNITIVE VARIABLES | ||||||||||||||
| Verbal Memory | 137 | 6.85 (2.89) | 101 | 7.10 (3.20) | p = 0.538 | -0.081 | 39 | 8.05 (3.51) | 149 | 8.05 (3.33) | p = 0.994 | 0 | p = 0.057 | -0.372 |
| Visual Memory | 136 | 19.30 (6.84) | 100 | 17.95 (7.51) | p = 0.153 | 0.187 | 39 | 16.80 (6.47) | 147 | 16.29 (6.56) | p = 0.665 | 0.078 | p = 0.044* | 0.374 |
| Working Memory | 137 | 5.50 (1.70) | 101 | 5.47 (1.62) | p = 0.897 | 0.018 | 39 | 5.23 (1.81) | 149 | 5.28 (1.97) | p = 0.925 | -0.026 | p = 0.285 | 0.153 |
| Executive Function | 133 | 55.81 (40.10) | 99 | 60.79 (47.24) | p = 0.525 | -0.113 | 36 | 49.94 (33.21) | 142 | 68 (57.32) | p = 0.158 | 0.385 | p = 0.534 | -0.159 |
| Processing speed | 137 | 5.57 (2.62) | 100 | 6.60 (3.10) | p = 0.006** | -0.358 | 39 | 7.36 (3) | 150 | 7.93 (2.62) | p = 0.239 | -0.202 | p<0.001** | -0.635 |
| Motor dexterity | 133 | 71.47 (14.23) | 98 | 79.42 (36.93) | p = 0.131 | -0.284 | 39 | 66.66 (12.72) | 144 | 72.14 (22.26) | p = 0.120 | -0.302 | p = 0.060 | 0.355 |
| Attention | 128 | 72.75 (10.67) | 96 | 66.52 (17.60) | p = 0.017* | 0.428 | 37 | 68.97 (12.21) | 140 | 67.07 (15.09) | p = 0.619 | 0.138 | p = 0.059 | 0.329 |
| Premorbid Intelligence (IQ) | 132 | 8.40 (2.74) | 99 | 9.29 (2.99) | p = 0.076 | -0.309 | 39 | 8.85 (2.46) | 146 | 9.92 (2.38) | p = 0.008** | -0.440 | p = 0.365 | -0.172 |
| GCF | 123 | 1.38 (0.86) | 91 | 1.67 (1.11) | p = 0.037* | -0.292 | 34 | 1.19 (0.84) | 129 | 1.35 (0.94) | p = 0.356 | -0.179 | p = 0.257 | 0.223 |
SAPS: Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms; SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; CDSS: Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; SUMD: Scale Unawareness of Mental Disorders; DUI: Duration of untreated illness; DUP: duration of untreated psychosis; DAS: The Disability Assessment Scale; GAF: Global Assessment Functioning; GCF: Global Cognitive Functioning.