Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.
| Variables | Sham tDCS (N = 20) | active tDCS (N = 20) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, M ± SD | 59.30 ± 8.60 | 60.60 ± 9.80 | 0.67 |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.75 | ||
| Male | 9 (45%) | 10 (50%) | |
| Female | 11 (55%) | 10 (50%) | |
| Race, n (%) | 1.00 | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 10 (50%) | 10 (50%) | |
| Others (Asian) | 10 (50%) | 10 (50%) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, M (SD) | 26.00 ± 4.10 | 27.00 ± 3.30 | 0.36 |
| NRS, M (SD) | 19.00 ± 7.70 | 27.30 ± 15.00 | 0.04 |
| WOMAC, M (SD) | |||
| Pain | 3.90 ± 2.00 | 5.40 ± 3.00 | 0.07 |
| Stiffness | 2.60 ± 1.20 | 2.90 ± 1.50 | 0.42 |
| Functional impairments | 11.80 ± 6.80 | 18.40 ± 11.50 | 0.03 |
| SF-MPQ-2, M ± SD | |||
| Continuous pain | 1.50 ± 1.00 | 2.30 ± 2.10 | 0.17 |
| Intermittent pain | 1.00 ± 1.30 | 1.80 ± 2.60 | 0.24 |
| Neuropathic pain | 0.80 ± 0.90 | 0.90 ± 1.30 | 0.71 |
| Affective description | 0.70 ± 0.90 | 1.60 ± 2.30 | 0.11 |
| SPPB, M ± SD | 11.10 ± 1.50 | 11.10 ± 1.20 | 0.91 |
| 6WMT, M ± SD | 490.70 ± 81.70 | 478.20 ± 73.60 | 0.61 |
| K/L radiographic score, n (%) | 0.70 | ||
| Grade 0 | 8 (40.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | |
| Grade 1 | 3 (15.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | |
| Grade 2 | 5 (25.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | |
| Grade 3 | 4 (20.0%) | 4 (20.0%) | |
| Grade 4 | 0 (00.0%) | 1 (5.0%) |
Note. M = Mean; SD = Standard Deviation; BMI = Body Mass Index; NRS = Numeric Rating Scale of Pain; WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; SF-MPQ-2 = Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2, SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; 6MWT = 6-Minute Walk Test; K/L = Kellgren/Lawrence.