Table 2.

Comparison between groups on changes from baseline in clinical pain variables.

Variables	sham group (n = 20)	active group (n = 20)	Effect size (d)	p-value
NRS change at visit2	−5.60 ± 12.80	−14.90 ± 11.90	0.75	0.02
NRS change at visit3	−7.40 ± 10.00	−16.10 ± 16.80	0.63	0.05
NRS change at visit4	−4.50 ± 13.20	−16.50 ± 17.60	0.77	0.02
NRS change at visit5	−8.20 ± 11.80	−15.20 ± 19.20	0.44	0.17
NRS change at visit6	−6.50 ± 10.10	−18.50 ± 16.10	0.89	0.01
NRS change at follow-up 1	1.00 ± 16.60	−16.40 ± 18.60	0.99	0.00
NRS change at follow-up 2	−1.50 ± 14.20	−13.50 ± 16.90	0.77	0.02
NRS change at follow-up 3	−3.80 ± 11.80	−15.60 ± 17.50	0.79	0.02
WOMAC change at visit 6
Pain	−0.60 ± 2.10	−1.30 ± 3.10	0.26	0.45
Stiffness	−0.20 ± 0.80	−0.60 ± 1.40	0.35	0.33
Functional impairment	0.10 ± 7.30	−2.40 ± 10.40	0.28	0.39
SF-MPQ-2 change at visit 6
Continuous pain	0.10 ± 1.40	−1.00 ± 2.00	0.64	0.07
Intermittent pain	0.20 ± 1.40	−0.80 ± 2.10	0.56	0.09
Neuropathic pain	−0.10 ± 0.70	−0.40 ± 1.20	0.31	0.41
Affective description	0.10 ± 1.10	−1.00 ± 2.30	0.61	0.06
SPPB change at visit 6	−0.10 ± 1.20	0.20 ± 0.70	0.26	0.41
6WMT change at visit 6	3.60 ± 33.30	19.30 ± 25.60	0.53	0.10

Note. Mean ± Standard Deviation were presented in the first two columns. NRS = Numeric Rating Scale; WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; SF-MPQ = Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery; 6MWT = 6-Minute Walk Test.