Transarterial chemoembolization |
Nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangeal carcinoma and liver metastases |
Leakage or blockage of nontumor vessels, portal thrombosis [29] |
Generally good penetration, but depends on vessel blockage and presence of collateral circulation |
Polymer Implants |
Solid tumors |
Local toxicity due to poor implant placement, low chance of systemic toxicity |
Diffusion limitation (mm3) [65,67] |
Convection enhanced delivery |
Malignant gliomas [75] |
Leakage into white matter tracts [80], corpus callosum [80,94], sulci [93], ventricles [93] |
Limited if refraction occurs (cm3 in humans and nonhuman primates) [93] |
Particles |
Solid tumors and metastases [7,101] |
Dependent on delivery technique [6,11,95,98,102] |
Dependent on administration technique (mm3–cm3) [93,99,103] |