Table 1.
Summary of organs, systems, cell functions, and developmental biology in which AHR-signaling is involved.
| Location | AHR-signaling pathway involvement |
|---|---|
| Central nervous system | Development of brain and nervous system; Neurogenesis; Neuronal cell development; Cardiorespiratory brainstem development in ventrolateral medulla; “Brain-gut-microbiome” |
| Eye | Ciliary body formation and function; Thyroid-associated eye disease |
| Gastrointestinal tract | Development of GI tract; Rectal prolapse during aging; “Brain-gut-microbiome” |
| Heart | Development of heart organ; Cardiovascular physiology; Atherogenesis; Cardiomyogenesis; Cardiorespiratory function |
| Hematological system | Development of blood cell-forming system; Hematopoiesis; Activation or suppression of erythroid development |
| Immune system | Immune system development; The immune response; Innate immunity; Pro-inflammatory response; Anti-inflammatory response; Immunomodulatory effects |
| Inner ear | Development of the cochlea |
| Kidney | Development of the kidney; Hypertension |
| Liver | Development of liver organ; Hyperlipidemia; Glucose and lipid metabolism; Hepatic steatosis |
| Musculoskeletal system | Transmesoderm–>osteoblast transition; Bone formation; Osteoclastogenesis |
| Pancreas | Development of pancreas; Beta-cell regulation; Pancreatic fibrosis |
| Endocrine system | Serum lowered testosterone levels; Infertility; Mammary gland duct cell epithelial hyperplasia; Degenerative changes in testis; Gerrm-cell apoptosis; Endometriosis |
| Reproductive system | Development of male and female sex organs; Spermatogenesis; Fertility |
| Respiratory tract | Development of respiratory tract; Disruption of GABA-ergic transmission defects; Cardiorespiratory function |
| Vascular system | Angiogenesis; Atherosclerotic plaque formation |
| Skin | Barrier physiology; Atopic dermatitis |
| Cellular functions | Cell migration; Cell adhesion; Circadian rhythmicity |
| DNA changes | DNA synthesis; DNA repair; DNA-adduct formation; Mutagenesis |
| Oxidative stress | Mitochondrial ROS formation; Anti-oxidant protection against ROS formation; Mitochondrial H2O2 production; Crosstalk with hypoxia and HIF-signaling pathways; Transforming growth factor-signaling pathways; MID1-PP2A-CDC25B-CDK1 signalig pathway regulating mitosis |
| Tumor cells | Growth suppression; Tumor initiation; Tumor promotion |
| ES cell basic functions | Ectoderm–>epithelium transition; Cell adhesion; Cell-cycle regulation; Apoptosis; Cavitation during morula–>blastula formation; Activator of Rho/Rac GTPases; WNT-signaling pathways; Homeobox-signaling pathways |
| Other basic functions | Transgenerational inheritance; Epigenetic effects; Chromatin remodeling; Histone modification; Aging-related and degenerative diseases |