Table 1.
Studies evaluating for an association between PPI exposure and kidney injury and corresponding findings
| Author, year | Study design | Type of kidney injury evaluated | Reference group | Risk associations with PPI use |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geevasinga et al., 200636 | Case series | AIN | NA | NA |
| Simpson et al., 200637 | Case series | AIN | NA | NA |
| Leonard et al., 201238 | Case-control | AIN | No PPI use | OR 3.20 (0.80–12.79) |
| Leonard et al., 201238 | Case-control | AKI | No PPI use | OR 1.05 (0.97–1.14) |
| Klepser et al., 201339 | Case-control | AKI | No PPI use | OR 1.72 (1.27–232) |
| Antoniou et al., 201540 | Health system data | AKI | No PPI use | HR 2.52 (2.27–2.79) |
| Lazarus et al., 201641 | Prospective cohort | AKI | No PPI use | HR 1.64 (1.22–2.21) |
| Health system data | No PPI use | HR 1.31 (1.22–1.42) | ||
| Prospective cohort | AKI | H2RA use | HR 1.58 (1.05–2.40) | |
| Health system data | H2RA use | HR 1.31 (1.13–1.48) | ||
| Lazarus et al., 201641 | Prospective cohort | CKD | No PPI use | HR 1.50 (1.14–1.96) |
| Health system data | No PPI use | HR 1.17 (1.12–1.23) | ||
| Prospective cohort | CKD | H2RA use | HR 1.39 (1.01–1.91) | |
| Health system data | H2RA use | HR 1.29 (1.19–1.40) | ||
| Xie et al., 201642 | Prospective cohort | CKD | H2RA use | HR 1.28 (1.23–1.34) |
| Xie et al., 201642 | Prospective cohort | ESRD | H2RA use | HR 1.96 (1.21–3.18) |
| Peng et al., 201643 | Case-control | ESRD | No PPI use | OR 1.88 (1.71–2.06) |
AIN, acute interstitial nephritis; AKI, acute kidney injury; H2RA, histamine2 receptor antagonists; HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
Bold font indicates a positive and significant association. Odds and hazard ratios are followed by 95% confidence intervals.