Table 1.

Summary of Data Extracted from Included Studies

Study Features (author, year, design, country)	Participants (sport, level, sex, age, sample size)	Outcome (definition and ascertainment)	Injury estimate	Exposure (Risk factor(s)	Reported as significant risk factor(s)	Reported statistics	Reported non- significant risk factor(s)	DB score (/23)^	Level of Evidence
Azzam et al., 201518 Historical Cohort United States	Professional Basketball Players Male = 34 Age = not reported n = 34 (17 injuries)	Injury = traumatic or overuse MSK event resulting from basketball that led to time loss of ≥7 days from practice and/or games. Ascertained by ATC	50% of players experienced an injury over the 2008–2011 seasons	Movement Quality DS HS ILL SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS total ≤ 14 Other Minutes/game Total games	Higher HS score	p<0.001*	DS ILL SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS total score ≤ 14	9	4
Bardenett et al., 201519 Cohort United States	High School Athletes (multiple sports) Male = 77 Female = 97 Mean age (range): 15.2 (11–18) n=176 (39 injuries)	Injury = a MSK injury resulting from organized high school sport practice or competition that required medical attention (sought care from ATC, PT, physician or other health care provider) and was restricted from full participation ≥1 practice or game. Ascertained by ATC	69.5% of players experienced an injury over the 2012 fall season	Movement Quality DS HS ILL SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS total FMS total =11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Other Age	Higher ILL score Lower SM score	p=0.02* p=0.001*	Age DS HS ASLR TSPU RS FMS total score FMS total score ≤ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17	12	4
Bushman et al., 201520 Cohort United States	Military Soldiers Male = 2,476 Age range: 18–57 n = 2,476 (916 injuries)	Injury = all inpatient and outpatient medical encounters for any overuse and traumatic injury found in a soldiers’ electronic medical records with ECD-9_CM diagnostic code determined to be an injury. Overuse injuries ICD-9-CM codes 710–739 Traumatic injuries ICD-9-CM codes 800–999 Ascertained by Defense Medial Surveillance System	Any injury: 37% Overuse: 28% Traumatic 16% In the 6 months following screening	Movement Quality DS HS ILL SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS individual test = 0 FMS total = 0 Other Sex Age Military rank BMI Current smoker	Any injury 1FMS = 0 2BMI (≥25.0 kg/m2) 3DS = 0 4HS = 0 5ILL = 0 6TSPU = 0 7RS = 0 Overuse 8DS = 0 9HS = 0 10ILL = 0 11TSPU = 0 12RS = 0 Traumatic 13HS 14TSPU	RR 1.3–2.1* OR 1.3 (95% CI: 1.0,1.9)* p=0.02 OR 1.5 (1.1,2.0)*§ p<0.01 OR 3.5 (2.1,6.0)*§ p<0.01 OR 2.4 (1.5,3.8)*§ p<0.01 OR 2.0 (1.3,3.3)*§ p<0.01 OR 1.7 (1.0,2.8)*§ p=0.03 Not reported Not reported Not reported Not reported Not reported Not reported Not reported	Sex Age Military rank Current smoker SM ASLR	12	4
Butler et al., 201321 Cohort United States	Firefighter trainees Sex = not reported Age: not reported n=108 (number of injuries not reported)	Injury = any episode that resulted in 3 consecutive missed days of training due to MSK pain Ascertained: Strength and conditioning staff	No injury estimate was reported for the 16 week training academy	DS HS ILL SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS total ≤14	Lower DS score Lower TSPU score FMS total ≤ 14	OR 1.2 (1.0,1.4)* OR 1.3 (1.1,1.5)* OR 8.31 (3.2,21.6)* SEN: 0.83 SPE: 0.62 PLR: 2.2 NLR: 0.26	HS ILL SM ASLR RS	8	4
Chorba et al., 201022 Cohort United States	NCAA Division II collegiate athletes Female = 38 Mean age (SD): 19.2±1.2 n=38 (18 injuries)	Injury = a MSK injury resulting from organized intercollegiate sport practice or competition that required medical attention or advice from an ATC, AT student or physician. Ascertained: ATC	47% of players experienced an injury over the 2007–2008 season	FMS total ≤14	FMS total ≤ 14	OR 3.85 (0.98,0.15.1) p=0.05 SEN = 0.58 SPE = 0.74	n/a	9	4
Dossa et al., 201431 Cohort Canada	Junior hockey players Male = 20 Mean age (range): 18.2 (16–20) n=20 (17 injuries)	Injury = a physical condition which occurred during a game or practice which resulted in the player missing ≥1 game. Contact = involved collision with another body, ice, boards, puck or stick. Non-contact = not a contact injury Ascertained: ATC	85% of players experienced an injury over the 2013–2014 season (76 games)	FMS total ≤14	n/a	n/a	FMS total ≤14 SEN: 0.5 (0.2,0.8) SPE: 0.7 (0.3,0.9) PLR: 1.7 (0.6,5.2) NLR: 0.7 (0.2,0.9)	12	4
Garrison et al., 201523 Cohort United States	NCAA Division I collegiate athletes Sex = not reported Age range: 17–22 n=160 (52 injuries)	Injury = any MSK pain complaint associated with athletic participation, that required consultation with an ATC, PT or MD and resulted in modified training for ≥24 hours or required protective splinting or taping for continued participation Ascertained: ATC	32.5% of players experienced an injury over the season	Movement Quality FMS total FMS total ≤14 Prior injury + FMS total ≤14 FMS total ≤13 Prior injury + FMS total ≤13 Other Prior injury	Prior injury FMS total FMS total ≤14 Prior injury + FMS total ≤14 FMS total ≤13 Prior injury + FMS total ≤13	OR 3.45 (1.7,7.0)* p=<0.05 OR 5.61* (2.7,11.5) OR 15.11* (6.6,34.6) OR 9.52* (4.1,21.8) OR 11.86* (4.1,34.2)	n/a	8	4
Hotta et al., 201533 Cohort Japan	Collegiate track and field athletes Male: 84 Mean age (range): 20.0 (18–24) n= 84 (15 injuries)	Running injury = a MSK injury that occurred during participation in track and field practice or competition that prevented participation for 4 weeks. Ascertained: not reported	17.9% of runners experienced an injury over a 6 month season	Movement Quality DS HS ILL SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS total ≤14 Other Age Height Weight Running experience Weekly training sessions Weekly mileage Performance level Prior injury	Lower DS score Lower ASLR score DS+ASLR score ≤ 3	p=0.01* p<0.01* OR=9.7 (2.1,44.4)*§ p<0.01	HS ILL SM TSPU RS FMS total ≤14 Age Height Weight Running experience Weekly training sessions Weekly mileage Performance level Prior injury	14	4
Kiesel et al., 200724 Cohort United States	Professional American football players Sex = not reported Age = not reported n=46 (13 injuries)	Injury = on the injury reserve list and a time loss of ≥3 weeks. Ascertained: not reported	28.3% of players experienced an injury over the season	FMS total FMS total ≤14	Lower FMS score FMS total ≤14	p<0.05* (t=5.62) OR 11.67* (2.5,54.5) SEN: 0,54 (0.3,0.7) SPE: 0.91 (0.8,0.96) PLR: 5.92 (2.0,18.4) NLR: 0.51 (0.3,0.8)	n/a	7	4
Kiesel et al., 201425 Cohort United States	Professional American football players Sex = not reported Age = not reported n=238 (60 injuries)	Injury = MSK injury resulting in time loss from preseason practice or games. Ascertained: Sports medicine staff	25% of players experienced an injury over the preseason	FMS total FMS asymmetry FMS total ≤14 Asymmetry +FMS total ≤14	FMS total FMS asymmetry FMS total ≤14 Asymmetry + FMS total ≤14	1p=0.02* 2RR 1.80 (1.1,2.7)* SEN: 0.58 (0.5,0.7) SPE: 0.62 (0.6,0.7) 3RR 1.87 (1.2,3.0)* SEN: 0.26 (0.2,0.4) SPE: 0.87 (0.8,0.9)	Asymmetry + FMS total ≤14 (not reported)	8	4
Knapik et al., 201526 Historical Cohort United States	Coast Guard cadets Male = 770 Female = 275 Mean age (SD) Male: 18.1 (0.7) Female: 17.9 (0.7) n=1,045 (number of injuries not reported)	Injury = any physical bodily damage resulting in a clinic visit which was suspected to be caused by cadet training. Ascertained: PT and other health care providers	Male = CII 18.6% Female = CII 24.7% For candidates attending classes between 2004–2007	FMS total ≤ 9 FMS total ≤ 10 FMS total ≤ 11 FMS total ≤ 12 FMS total ≤ 13 FMS total ≤ 14 FMS total ≤ 15 FMS total ≤ 16 FMS total ≤ 17 FMS total ≤ 18 FMS total ≤ 19 Calculated for males and females separately	Males 1FMS total ≤9 2FMS total ≤10 3FMS total ≤11 Females 4FMS total ≤9 5FMS total ≤10 6FMS total ≤11 7FMS total ≤12 8FMS total ≤13 9FMS total ≤14 10FMS total ≤15	Males 1RR 1.63 (1.1,2.4) p=0.02* 2RR 1.73 (1.2,2.5) p<0.01* 3RR 1.64 (1.2,2.3) p<0.01* SEN: 0.22 SPE: 0.87Females 4RR 1.91 (1.2,3.0) p<0.01* 5RR 1.81 (1.2,2.8) p=0.02* 6RR 1.85 (1.1,2.7) p=0.02* 7RR 1.66 (1.1,2.6) p=0.03* 8RR 1.83 (1.2,2.7) p<0.01* 9RR 1.93 (1.2,3.0) p<0.01* SEN: 0.60 SPE: 0.61 10RR 1.97 (1.2,3.2) p<0.01*	Males FMS total ≤ 12 FMS total ≤ 13 FMS total ≤ 14 FMS total ≤ 15 FMS total ≤ 16 FMS total ≤ 17 FMS total ≤ 18 FMS total ≤ 19 Females FMS total ≤ 16 FMS total ≤ 17 FMS total ≤ 18 FMS total ≤ 19	9	4
Lisman et al., 201327 Cohort United States	Marine Corps Officer Trainees Male = 874 Mean age (SD): 22.4±2.7 n=874 (number of injuries not reported)	Any Injury = sought medical care ≥1 times during training due to physical bodily damage resulting from training Overuse = sought medical care for presumed long-term repetitive energy exchanges that led to cumulative micro-trauma Traumatic = sought medical care for acute or sudden energy exchanges leading to abrupt overload and tissue damage Ascertained: Health care providers	Not reported (6 or 10 week training)	Movement Quality FMS total ≤14 Other Prior injury Baseline GES frequency ≥5 Baseline running frequency ≥5 Run history Baseline weight training frequency ≤1, 2–4, ≥5 Training length (6 or 10 weeks) PU ≥17 AC ≥100 RT ≥20.5	Any Injury 1Prior injury 2Longer training 3Slower RT 4FMS total ≤14 Overuse 5Less GES 6Longer training 7Slower RT Traumatic 8Less running history 9Longer training 10Slower RT 11FMS total ≤14	Any Injury 1OR 1.41 (1.1,1.9)* p=0.02 2OR 1.49 (1.1,2.0)*§ p=0.009 3OR 1.74 (1.3,2.4)*§ p<0.001 4OR 2.10 (1.3,3.3)*§ p=0.001 Overuse 5OR 1.78 (1.1,2.9)*§ p=0.014 6OR 1.6 (1.0,2.6)* p=0.32 7OR 1.65 (1.0,2.6)* p=0.032 Traumatic 8OR 2.07 (1.1,3.9)* p=0.023 9OR 1.47 (1.1,2.0)*§ p=0.021 10OR 1.64 (1.2,2.3)*§ p=0.003 11OR 1.80 (1.1,2.9)*§ p=0.015	Baseline running frequency ≥5 Baseline weight training frequency PU ≥17 AC ≥100	15	2b
Padua et al., 201528 Cohort United States	Elite youth soccer players Male = 348 Female = 481 Mean age (SD, Range): 13.9 (1.8, 11–18) n=829 (7 injuries)	Injury = ACL tear verified at surgical reconstruction Non-contact = no direct contact to the LE by an external force Indirect-Contact = contact with a body part other than the knee Ascertained: self-report verified by surgeon	0.8 % of players experienced an ACL tear over 2006–2009 seasons IRR = 0.006 (0002,0.012)	LESS total LESS ≥5	Higher LESS total LESS ≥5	t=−2.78, p< 0.005* RR 10.7 SEN: 0.86 (0.42, 0.99) SPE: 0.65 (0.62,0.67) PPV: 0.01 (0.006,0.03) NPV: 0.998 (0.991,0.999)	n/a	11	2b
Shojaedin et al., 201432 Cohort Iran	Competitive or recreational university athletes Male = 50 Female = 50 Mean age (SD; range): 22.6 (3.0; 18–25) n=100 (35 injuries)	Any injury = not reported Knee injury = not reported Ankle injury = not reported	35% sustained injury during the season	FMS total FMS score <17	Any injury 1FMS total 2FMS total <17 Knee Injury 3FMS total <17 Ankle Injury 4FMS total <17	Any Injury p=0.005 OR 4.70 (no p-value or 95%CI reported) SEN: 0.65 SPE: 0.78 PLR: 2.46 NLR: 0.62	FMS total <17 for knee and ankle injury	3	4
Smith et al., 201234 Case-control (embedded in a cohort) United States	High school and college athletes Male = 29 Female = 73 Mean age (SD): 18.3 (2) n= 92 (28 injured)	Noncontact ACL tear = ACL tear resulting from a non-knee contact event with another athlete, ground, or extraneous structure Ascertained: orthopedic surgeon, MRI and surgery	30.4% of athletes sustained an injury over 1 season	LESS total LESS ≤ 4 LESS >4–≤5 LESS >5–≤6 LESS >6	n/a	n/a	LESS total LESS ≤ 4 LESS >4–≤5 LESS >5–≤6 LESS >6	14	3b
Warren et al., 201529 Cohort United States	NCAA Division 1 collegiate athletes Male = 89 Female = 78 Age range: 18–24 n= 167 (74 injuries)	Injury = First non-contact MSK problem that resulted in medical intervention. Non-contact injury: non-contact mechanism Contact injury = contact mechanism Ascertained: ATC	44% of athletes experienced an injury over the competitive season	Movement Quality DS HS ILL SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS total FMS total ≤10 FMS total ≤12 FMS total ≤14 FMS total ≤16 FMS total ≤18 Asymmetry of 5 bilateral FMS tests Other Prior injury Sex Age BMI Sport	Female sex Older age Lower BMI ILL = 2	p=0.003* p=0.006* p=0.006* OR 0.21*§ (0.08,0.59)	Prior injury Sport DS HS SM ASLR TSPU RS FMS total FMS total ≤10 FMS total ≤12 FMS total ≤14 FMS total ≤16 FMS total ≤18 Asymmetry of 5 bilateral FMS tests	11	4
Wiese et al., 201430 Cohort United States	NCAA Division 1 collegiate American football players Sex: not reported Mean age (SD): 18.9 ± 1.3 n = 144 (93 injuries)	Injury = initial MSK problem arising from organized training or game requiring medical attention and restricted participation for ≤ 1 days LE injury = groin – toes Overuse injury = tendinopathy, muscle spasm, tightness or soreness Non-contact injury = non-contact mechanism Injury >10 days Ascertained: ATC	65% of players experienced an injury over 1 season 52% LE 39% overuse 42% noncontact 20% >10 days	FMS total FMS total ≤12 FMS total ≤17 FMS total ≤18	n/a	n/a	FMS total FMS total ≤12 FMS total ≤17 FMS total ≤18	10	4

^*Statistically significant p<0.05,

^§Multivariable analyses,

^⌘Estimated from reported injury incidence,

⁺analyses did not account for matched design,

^{^}Maximum Downs and Black Score for prospective cohort study = 23, while the maximum score for a randomized control trail is 33, AC = abdominal crunch, ASLR = active straight leg raise, ATC = certified athletic trainers, BMI = body mass index (kg/m²), CI = confidence interval, DB = Downs and Black Score, DF = dorsiflexion, DS = deep squat, FMS = Functional Movement Screen, GES = general sport and exercise, HR = Hazard ratio, hrs=hours, HS = hurdle step, ICD-9-CM = International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, ILL = in-line lunge, IR = incidence rate, IRR = incidence rate ratio, LE = lower extremity, LESS = Landing Error Scoring System, LOE = level of evidence, n/a = not applicable, MD = medical doctor, MSK = musculoskeletal, n/a = not applicable, NLR = negative likelihood ratio, OR = odds ratio, PLR = positive likelihood ratio, PT = physical therapists, PU = pull ups, ROM=range of motion, RR = risk ratio, RS = rotary stability, RT = 3-mile run time, SD = standard deviation, SLHB = single leg hamstring bridge, SLR = straight leg raise, SM = shoulder mobility, TOP = tenderness on palpation, TSPU = trunk stability push-up, TXHD = triple cross-over hop for distance, UE = upper extremity, VDJ = vertical drop jump, wks = weeks, YBT = Y-balance test, yrs = years.