Table 4.

Estimated total, annual healthcare costs and health-related quality of life, by dependence stage. ^†

	Total Costs§($)		HUI:2		EQ5D-US
Dependence stage‡	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Very Mild	$11,418	$1,990	0.93	0.06	1.00	0.07
Mild	$19,245	$3,196	0.78	0.04	0.85	0.05
Mild to Moderate	$28,670	$6,188	0.65	0.06	0.72	0.07
Moderate	$48,856	$8,185	0.49	0.06	0.54	0.06
Severe	$69,493	$13,961	0.39	0.06	0.42	0.07
Very Severe	$101,715	$18,283	0.25	0.06	0.26	0.06

^†The values presented here were estimated by Model 2 in Table 2 using equation: y=exp(xβ) for healthcare costs and y=xb for HUI:2 and EQ5D-US. y is the outcome of interest; x is the covariate; β is the coefficient.

^‡Dependence stage was derived from summated dependence scale scores, as described in the text.

^§Total costs included costs of physician visits, hospitalizations, home health care, long-term care (nursing home, assisted living, and adult daycare), medications, and unpaid caregiving.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.