Table 1.
Cohort characteristics by quartile of moderate intensity sports and exercise activity; the Gestational Diabetes’ Effects on Moms Study, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2011–2012.
| Moderate Intensity Sports and Exercise Activity |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 N=241 |
Quartile 2 N=241 |
Quartile 3 N=246 |
Quartile 4 N=243 |
||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P* | |
| Age (years) | 0.32 | ||||
| 18 – 24 | 12 (5.0) | 21 (8.7) | 8 (3.3) | 14 (5.8) | |
| 25 – 29 | 64 (26.6) | 57 (23.7) | 65 (26.4) | 66 (27.2) | |
| 30 – 34 | 93 (38.6) | 86 (35.7) | 94 (38.2) | 100 (41.2) | |
| ≥ 35 | 72 (29.9) | 77 (32.0) | 79 (32.1) | 63 (25.9) | |
| Race-ethnicity | 0.19 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 45 (18.7) | 54 (22.4) | 64 (26.0) | 63 (25.9) | |
| African American | 5 (2.1) | 4 (1.7) | 5 (2.0) | 9 (3.7) | |
| Hispanic | 56 (23.2) | 41 (17.0) | 42 (17.1) | 41 (16.9) | |
| Asian | 102 (42.3) | 123 (51.0) | 112 (45.5) | 99 (40.7) | |
| Multiracial | 26 (10.8) | 15 (6.2) | 19 (7.7) | 27 (11.2) | |
| Other | 7 (2.9) | 4 (1.7) | 4 (1.6) | 4 (1.7) | |
| Household Income | 0.21 | ||||
| < $50,000 | 68 (30.2) | 56 (25.2) | 63 (27.0) | 49 (21.5) | |
| $50,000 – $79,999 | 57 (25.3) | 40 (18.0) | 55 (23.6) | 54 (23.7) | |
| $80,000 – $149,999 | 74 (32.9) | 88 (39.6) | 76 (32.6) | 86 (37.7) | |
| ≥ $150,000 | 26 (11.6) | 38 (17.1) | 39 (16.7) | 39 (17.1) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 0.05 | ||||
| < 18.5 | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | 6 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | |
| 18.5 – 24.9 | 74 (31.0) | 92 (38.2) | 95 (38.6) | 91 (37.6) | |
| 25.0 – 29.9 | 86 (36.0) | 70 (29.1) | 76 (30.9) | 61 (25.2) | |
| 30.0 – 34.9 | 37 (15.5) | 46 (19.1) | 44 (17.9) | 38 (15.7) | |
| ≥ 35.0 | 40 (16.7) | 31 (12.9) | 25 (10.2) | 49 (20.3) | |
| Education | 0.04 | ||||
| High school or less | 40 (16.7) | 31 (12.9) | 34 (13.9) | 31 (12.8) | |
| Some college | 91 (37.9) | 69 (28.6) | 65 (26.6) | 75 (30.9) | |
| 4 years of college | 72 (30.0) | 88 (36.5) | 84 (34.4) | 72 (29.6) | |
| Postgraduate | 37 (15.4) | 53 (22.0) | 61 (25.0) | 65 (26.8) | |
| GEM Treatment Group | 0.58 | ||||
| Intervention | 118 (49.0) | 125 (51.9) | 136 (55.3) | 127 (52.3) | |
| Usual Care | 123 (51.0) | 116 (48.1) | 110 (44.7) | 116 (47.7) | |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | P* | |
| Daily Glycemic Index | 49.3 (4.6) | 49.1 (4.0) | 48.7 (3.7) | 48.5 (3.8) | 0.13 |
| 3-hr Oral Glucose Tolerance Test | |||||
| Fasting value (mmol/l) | 5.0 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.5) | 5.0 (0.5) | 0.02 |
| 1-hr value (mmol/l) | 10.9 (1.1) | 10.9 (1.3) | 10.8 (1.4) | 11.0 (1.3) | 0.32 |
| 2-hr value (mmol/l) | 9.8 (1.3) | 9.7 (1.2) | 9.7 (1.2) | 9.7 (1.3) | 0.77 |
| 3-hr value (mmol/l) | 7.2 (1.6) | 7.1 (1.7) | 6.9 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.8) | 0.11 |
*
P excludes missing, Chi-square or one way ANOVA for group differences by quartile