Table 3.
Association of outcome switch and study characteristics, after univariable and multivariable adjustments (binomial logistic regression).
| Characteristics | Level of effect | Unadjusted OR for outcome switch (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted OR for outcome switch (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study population | Number (continuous data) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.05 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.08 |
| Impact factor | Number (continuous data) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.93 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.76 |
| First author sex: | Female | Reference | Reference | ||
| Male | 2.39 (0.88–6.47) | 0.09 | 3.05 (1.07–8.64) | 0.04 | |
| Control group | Whole effect | 0.15 | 0.34 | ||
| Observation | Reference | Reference | |||
| Active | 0.33 (0.09–1.24) | 0.51 | 0.36 (0.08–1.51) | 0.39 | |
| Placebo | 0.20 (0.04–1.03) | 0.09 | 0.30 (0.05–1.73) | 0.30 | |
| COI (any author) | No | Reference | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.61 (0.30–1.25) | 0.18 | 1.22 (0.41–3.65) | 0.72 | |
| Funding | Whole effect | 0.01 | 0.03 | ||
| Non-profit | Reference | Reference | |||
| Mixed | 0.79 (0.33–1.89) | 0.28 | 0.58 (0.18–1.85) | 0.65 | |
| For-profit | 0.27 (0.11–0.62) | 0.002 | 0.22 (0.07–0.74) | 0.01 |