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. 2017 Aug 23;7:9181. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09682-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mechanism of skin dopaminergic sensory modulation. The left schema represents dopaminergic signalling (white arrow) between nerve endings (green) and melanocytes (yellow) in structure of the epithelial skin. The right schema shows tyrosinase cascade in melanocytes, metabolism of L-dopa in extracellular space (pink) in the skin and presumed CREB-dependent gene modulation pathway from nerve endings to neuronal soma of primary sensory neurons, following dopaminergic D₁ receptor activation. Tyrosinase activity is different among races or ethnicity (genetic status) and environment (stimulation status). A red arrow with TRPV1 and a white arrow with Piezo2 indicate up-regulation and down regulation, respectively. TRPV1 and Piezo2 are not always co-expressed although we draw both in the same neuronal soma. AADC, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase; αMSH, α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone; COMT, catechol-O-methyltransferase; DBH, dopamine-β-hydroxylase; MAO, monoamine oxidase A; HVA, homovanillic acid; UVB, ultraviolet B.